IMPACT OF RAISED GLUCOSE ON NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TREATED WITH PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
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Keywords
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Abstract
Increase glucose level is thought to significantly increase the risk of both early and late death with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), especially for non-diabetic patients.
Increased plasma glucose is a common feature in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI), ranging from 3-71% in patients without diabetes. Moreover, when serum markers of necrosis may still be normal, plasma glucose levels are available within minutes of presentation and therefore facilitate appropriate treatment decision in a timely manner. It therefore seems likely that the categorical variable elevated admission plasma glucose would be a more powerful predictor than fasting glucose and the other elements of risk prediction markers such as elevated serum markers of myocardial infarction.In addition, patients with high admission glucose are more likely to develop restenosis and require repeat revascularization procedures compared with those with normal admission glucose, and are also at increased risk for repeated MI,stent thrombosis, and death,especially for non-diabetic patients although some studies showed inconsistent effects on the risk of late mortality. Conversely, the evidence linking admission glucose levels with an adverse prognosis in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is limited for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), even if PCI has been established to be significantly more effective than thrombolytic therapy. In view of the development of reperfusion therapy, it is uncertain if elevated admission glucose remains an independent determinant of early and late mortality in patients without previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM).
References
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30. Videbaek J, Christensen NJ, Sterndorff B. Serial determination of plasma catecholamines in myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1972;46:846–855. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Lukomsky PE, Oganov RG. Blood plasma catecholamines and their urinary excretion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1972;83:182–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17:107–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Nilsson G, et al. Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002; 359:2140–2144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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35. Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, et al. Is admission hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction a surrogate for previously undiagnosed abnormal glucose tolerance? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2413–2419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Conaway DG, O’Keefe JH. Frequency of undiagnosed and untreated diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2006;4:503–507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Shechter M, Merz CN, Paul-Labrador MJ, Kaul S. Blood glucose and platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:300–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, et al. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation. 1998;97:1695–1701. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Marfella R, Siniscalchi M, Esposito K, et al. Effects of stress hyperglycemia on acute myocardial infarction: role of inflammatory immune process in functional cardiac outcome. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3129–3135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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41. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation. 2002;106:2067–2072. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Allison SP, Tomlin PJ, Chamberlain MJ. Some effects of anaesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. 1969. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81:273–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Eberli FR, Weinberg EO, Grice WN, et al. Protective effect of increased glycolytic substrate against systolic and diastolic dysfunction and increased coronary resistance from prolonged global underperfusion and reperfusion in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with erythrocyte suspensions. Circ Res. 1991;68:466–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Mjos OD. Effect of free fatty acids on myocardial function and oxygen consumption in intact dogs. J Clin Invest. 1971;50:1386–1389. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, et al. Effect of acute hyperglycemia on the ischemic preconditioning effect of prodromal angina pectoris in patients with a first anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:288–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Cheung NW, Wong VW, McLean M. The hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:765–770. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bianchi M, De Luca L, et al. Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on myocardial perfusion and left ventricular remodeling in patients treated with primary angioplasty for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1349–1353. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004;109:962–965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet. 2000;355:773–778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Ramachandran A, Chamukuttan S, Immaneni S, et al. High incidence of glucose intolerance in Asian-Indian subjects with acute coronary syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2492–2496. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Oswald GA, Corcoran S, Yudkin JS. Prevalence and risks of hyperglycaemia and undiagnosed diabetes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1984;1:1264–1267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, et al. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: an intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000;102:2031–2037. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Sabatine MS, Antman EM. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score in unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:89S–95S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Norhammar AM, Ryden L, Malmberg K. Admission plasma glucose. Independent risk factor for long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction even in nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1827–1831. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Ishihara M, Kojima S, Sakamoto T, et al. Acute hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era. Am Heart J. 2005;150:814–820. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Timmer JR, van der Horst IC, Ottervanger JP, et al. Prognostic value of admission glucose in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004;148:399–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Wahab NN, Cowden EA, Pearce NJ, et al. Is blood glucose an independent predictor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1748–1754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Ainla T, Baburin A, Teesalu R, Rahu M. The association between hyperglycaemia on admission and 180-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1321–1325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Rasoul S, Ottervanger JP, Bilo HJ, et al. Glucose dysregulation in nondiabetic patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: acute and chronic glucose dysregulation in STEMI. Neth J Med. 2007;65:95–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Hoebers LP, Damman P, Claessen BE, et al. Predictive value of plasma glucose level on admission for short and long term mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:53–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Ishihara M, Kagawa E, Inoue I, et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on short- and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:1674–1679. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Kosiborod M, Rathore SS, Inzucchi SE, et al. Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes. Circulation. 2005;111:3078–3086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Hsu CW, Chen HH, Sheu WH, et al. Initial serum glucose level as a prognostic factor in the first acute myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:618–626. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361:13–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25:603–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Timmer JR, Hoekstra M, Nijsten MW, et al. Prognostic value of admission glycosylated hemoglobin and glucose in nondiabetic patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2011;124:704–711. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Ergelen M, Uyarel H, Cicek G, et al. Which is worst in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction? Hyperglycaemia? Diabetes mellitus? Or both? Acta Cardiol. 2010; 65:415–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Planer D, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Impact of hyperglycemia in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the HORIZONS-AMI trial. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:2572–2579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Gasior M, Pres D, Stasik-Pres G, et al. Effect of blood glucose levels on prognosis in acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes, undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiol J. 2008;15:422–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Vis MM, Sjauw KD, van der Schaaf RJ, et al. In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, admission glucose level is a strong independent predictor for 1-year mortality in patients without a prior diagnosis of diabetes. Am Heart J. 2007;154:1184–1190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. De Monte A, Perkan A, Vitrella G, et al. Impact of hyperglycemia on clinical outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (pci) for st-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Eur J Int Med. 2008;19:S45–S46. [Google Scholar]
25. Li YM, Qiu H, Wang WQ, et al. Alteration of stress hormones and glucose levels after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction and its influence on prognosis. Chinese J Prac Intern Med. 2010;30:61–63. [Google Scholar]
26. Kosuge M, Kimura K, Kojima S, et al. Effects of glucose abnormalities on in-hospital outcome after coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2005;69:375–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Zhang JW, Zhou YJ, Cao SJ, et al. Impact of stress hyperglycemia on in-hospital stent thrombosis and prognosis in nondiabetic patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Coron Artery Dis. 2013;24:352–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Ekmekci A, Cicek G, Uluganyan M, et al. Admission hyperglycemia predicts in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients without diabetes mellitus. Angiology. 2014;65:154–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Otten AM, Ottervanger JP, Timmer JR, et al. Age-dependent differences in diabetes and acute hyperglycemia between men and women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a cohort study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5:34. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Videbaek J, Christensen NJ, Sterndorff B. Serial determination of plasma catecholamines in myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1972;46:846–855. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Lukomsky PE, Oganov RG. Blood plasma catecholamines and their urinary excretion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1972;83:182–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17:107–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Nilsson G, et al. Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002; 359:2140–2144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Tenerz A, Lönnberg I, Berne C, et al. Myocardial infarction and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Is increased casual blood glucose at admission a reliable criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes? Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1102–1110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, et al. Is admission hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction a surrogate for previously undiagnosed abnormal glucose tolerance? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2413–2419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Conaway DG, O’Keefe JH. Frequency of undiagnosed and untreated diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2006;4:503–507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Shechter M, Merz CN, Paul-Labrador MJ, Kaul S. Blood glucose and platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:300–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, et al. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation. 1998;97:1695–1701. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Marfella R, Siniscalchi M, Esposito K, et al. Effects of stress hyperglycemia on acute myocardial infarction: role of inflammatory immune process in functional cardiac outcome. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3129–3135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Oswald GA, Smith CC, Delamothe AP, et al. Raised concentrations of glucose and adrenaline and increased in vivo platelet activation after myocardial infarction. Br Heart J. 1988;59:663–671. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation. 2002;106:2067–2072. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Allison SP, Tomlin PJ, Chamberlain MJ. Some effects of anaesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. 1969. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81:273–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Eberli FR, Weinberg EO, Grice WN, et al. Protective effect of increased glycolytic substrate against systolic and diastolic dysfunction and increased coronary resistance from prolonged global underperfusion and reperfusion in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with erythrocyte suspensions. Circ Res. 1991;68:466–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Mjos OD. Effect of free fatty acids on myocardial function and oxygen consumption in intact dogs. J Clin Invest. 1971;50:1386–1389. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, et al. Effect of acute hyperglycemia on the ischemic preconditioning effect of prodromal angina pectoris in patients with a first anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:288–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Cheung NW, Wong VW, McLean M. The hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:765–770. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bianchi M, De Luca L, et al. Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on myocardial perfusion and left ventricular remodeling in patients treated with primary angioplasty for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1349–1353. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004;109:962–965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Jul 24, 2024
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Muhammad Irfan, Sumaiya Muhammad Iqbal Memon, Sana Mehboob, Atika Naseer, Muhammad Ishaq, Fahimullah, & Kanchan Bhagia. (2024). IMPACT OF RAISED GLUCOSE ON NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TREATED WITH PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1693-1706. https://doi.org/10.53555/h8snm546
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Author Biographies
Muhammad Irfan
Clinical Fellow Emergency Department NICVD Karachi, Pakistan
Sumaiya Muhammad Iqbal Memon
Senior Registrar Emergency Department, NICVD Karachi, Pakistan
Sana Mehboob
Postgraduate Adult cardiology, NICVD Karachi, Pakistan
Atika Naseer
Clinical Fellow NICVD Karachi, Pakistan
Muhammad Ishaq
Post Graduate Trainee, Department of adult cardiology, NICVD Karachi, Pakistan
Fahimullah
Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Cardiology, Mardan Medical Complex, Pakistan
Kanchan Bhagia
Resident Cardiology NICVD Karachi, Pakistan
How to Cite
Muhammad Irfan, Sumaiya Muhammad Iqbal Memon, Sana Mehboob, Atika Naseer, Muhammad Ishaq, Fahimullah, & Kanchan Bhagia. (2024). IMPACT OF RAISED GLUCOSE ON NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TREATED WITH PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1693-1706. https://doi.org/10.53555/h8snm546