ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESSORS AS PREDICTORS OF PERSONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR PARAMEDICS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Organizational Role Stressors, Organizational Outcomes, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment
Abstract
The major objective of present research was to examine the impacts of organizational role stressors on personal and organizational outcomes. The sample consisted of (N=300) paramedics, out of which (n=158) were female and (n=142) male. The sample was selected by using the Convenient Sampling Technique from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Maslach Burnout Inventory the Job Satisfaction Scale the Organizational Role Stressors Scale, and the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire were administered with entire sample to study the effect of role stressors. The organizational role stressors examined included role conflict, role overload, role ambiguity, inter-role distance and resource inadequacy. The personal outcomes, included emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others, diminished sense of personal accomplishment, while organizational outcomes, consisted of organizational commitment and job satisfaction.To examine their association with other correlation were compute and to find out their predictors multiple regression analyses were run on the data. Results revealed that inter-role distance, role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity as contributing factors were significantly positively correlated with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others and reduced sense of personal accomplishment. However, inter-role distance was not a significant predictor of personal outcomes consisted of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others and reduced sense of personal accomplishment and organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Further results revealed that role overload and resource inadequacy were not significant predictors of organizational commitment. The findings have practical implications in organizational settings by suggesting an utmost need to adequately control organizational role stressors in order to provide a stress free environment which in turn will increase increase productivity of the employees.
References
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18. Goldenberg, D., & Waddell, J. (1990). Occupational stress and coping strategies among female baccalaureate nursing faculty. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 531-543.
19. Hackman, J.R & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of workers: Test of a theory .Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
20. Haq, A., & Sohail, T. (1997). Stress, social support and burnout in nurses. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 12,770-786.
21. Hardy, M. E., & Conway, M. E. (1988). Role theory: Perspectives for health professionals (2nd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
22. Hillhouse J. J., & Adler C. M. (1997) Investigating stress effect patterns in hospital staff nurses: result of cluster analysis. Social Science and Medicine 45, 1781–1788.
23. Houkes, I., Janssen, P. P. M., De Jonge, J., & Nijhuis, F. J. N. (2001). Specific relationships between work characteristics and intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intention: A multi-sample analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 1–23.
24. Idris, M.K., (2011). Over time effects of role stress on psychological strain among Malaysian public university academics. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9): 154-161
25. Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A Meta-analysis and Conceptual Critique Of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in work settings , Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 36, 16-78.
26. Kalliath T., & Morris, R. (2002). Job satisfaction among nurses: A prediction of burn out level. Nurse Admin, 32, 648-654.
27. Roohangiz, K., Zoharah, O., Farhad,A & Zinab, K. (2014). The influence of role overload, role conflict and role ambiguity on occupational stress among nurses in selected Iranian hospitals.
28. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: Wiley.
29. Lambert, V., & Lambert C, Ito .M. (2001). Workplace stereos ways of coping and demographic Characteristics as Predictors of physical and mental health of Japanese hospital nurses. International Journal of Nurses Studies, 41, 85-97.
30. Landsbergis, P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers. A test of the job demands-control model. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 9, 27-39.
31. Linda, G.M.,& John, M.J. (2010).sOCIOLOGY (7th Canadian ed).Pearson Candap 129. SBN 978-0-13-80027-1SS
32. Malik, MI, Sajjad, M, Hyder, S, Ahmad, MS, Ahmed, J & Hussain, S 2013, ‘Role overload: A cause of diminishing employee retention and productivity’, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1573–1577.
33. Markham, W. T., & Bonjean, C. M. (1996). Employment status and attitudes and behavior of higher status women volunteers, 1975 and 1992: A case study. Sex Roles, 34, 695-716.
34. Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leither, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Eds.) Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
35. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and mata-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.
36. McGrath, J. E. (1989). Stress and behavior in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1351-1395). Chicago: and McNally College.
37. Mohamad, M., & Badawy, S. (2015). Perfectionism and Job Burnout: Does Religious Coping Moderate the Relationship?. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(12), 01-14. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v5i12.896O’
38. O`Driscoll, M., & Beehr, T. (1994). Supervisor behaviour, role stressor and uncertainty as predictor of personal outcomes for subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15, 141-155.
39. O’Connor, D. B., O’Connor, R. C., White. B, L., & Bundred, P. E. (2000). Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure in British general practitioners: A preliminary study. Psychology Health and Medicine, 5, 241-250.
40. Pareek, U. (1983). Role Stress Scale. Ahmedabad: Naveen Publications.
41. Pareek, U. (1984). Organizational role stress. In L.D. Goodstein & J.W. Pfeiffer (Eds). The 1983 annual (115-123). San Diego, CA: University Associates.
42. Parikh, P., A. Taukari and T. Bhattacharya, 2004. Occupational stress and coping among nurses. Journal of Health Management, 6(2): 115
43. Pestonjee, D. M., & Azeem, S. M. (2001). A study of organizational role stress in relation to job burnout among university teachers. II MA Working paper (Indian Institute of management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department).
44. Rizzo, J., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15,150-163.
45. Ruyter, Wetzels, & Feinberg. (2002). Role stress in call centres: its effects on employee’s performance and satisfaction. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15, 24-35.
46. Sahar, M., Badawy, (2015). Egyptian Teachers' Burnout: The Role of Work Environment Characteristics and Job Stress. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 3. 101-110. 10.12691/jbms-3-4-1.
47. Schaubroeck, J., Jones J. R., & Xie, J. L. (2001). Individual differences in utilizing control to cope with job demands: Effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. Journal of Applied Psychology, 265-278.
48. Schnall, P. L., Belkic, K., Landsbergis, P., & Baker, D. (2000). The workplace and Cardiovascular Disease. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 15, 13-34.
49. Schmidt, Susanne & Roesler, U., & Kusserow, Talin & Rau, Renate. (2014). Uncertainty in the workplace: Examining role ambiguity and role conflict, and their link to depression-A meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 23. 91-106. 10.1080/1359432X.2012.711523.
50. Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1, 27-41.
51. Singh, J., & Rhoads, G. K. (1991). Boundary role ambiguity in marketing oriented positions: A multidimensional, multifaceted operationalization. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 328-338.
52. Shreya Garg & Rajib Dhar. (2014). Effects of stress, LMX and perceived organizational support on service quality: Mediating effects of organizational commitment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 21. 64–75. 10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.07.002.
53. Hashemi, , Jusoh Jamil,S.Kiumarsi, and Mohammadi Shno (2015). Exploring the Role of Stress on Organizational Commitment among Employees in Hospitality Industry: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction, International Journal of Information Research and Review Selye.
54. Soni Kushwaha, (2014), Stress Management At Work Place, Global Journal Of Finance And Management. Volume 6, number 5 pp. 469-472.
55. Spector, P. E., Chen, P. Y., O’Connell, B. J. (2000). A longitudinal study of relation between job stressors and job strains while controlling for prior negative affective and strains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 211-218.
56. Steffy, B., & Jones, J. (1990). Differences between full-time and part-time employees in perceived role strain and work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11, 321=330.
57. Stroebe, W., Stroebe, M., Abakoumkin, G., & Schut, H. (1996). The role of loneliness and social support in adjustment to loss: A test of attachment versus stress theory. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1241-9.
58. Beehr, Jex, Stacy, & Murray, 2000). Analysis of the effects of role overload and role conflict on performance through job stress as a mediating variable in the cellular phone trading centers in Surabaya. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 19(3), 405-414.
59. Sutherland, V. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2000). Strategic stress Management: An organizational approach. New York: Palgrave.
60. Nyanga, T., Mudhovozi., P & Chireshe, R. (2012). Causes and Effects of Role Ambiguity as Perceived by Human Resource Management Professionals in Zimbabwe, Journal of Social Sciences, 30:3, 293-303, DOI: 10.1080/09718923.2012.11893006 In another study on the impact of role ambiguity on job satisfaction and performance among human resource management professionals in Zimbabwe Nyanga et al., (2012) found a close association between job satisfaction and high productivity in the employees.
61. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Om b. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational Behaviour (pp.1-74). Stamfor, CT: JAI Press.
62. Wincent, J., Ortqvist, D., & Drnovsek, M. (2008). The entrepreneur's role stressors and proclivity for a venture withdrawal. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24,232-246.
63. Yoloye, T. C. (2003). Stress and Adaptive response in the Workplace. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology.
64. Yongkang, Z, Weixi, Z, Yalin, H, Yipeng, X & Liu, T (2014). The relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and job stress of Chinese middle-level cadres’, Chinese Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 8–11.
65. Yongkang Zhou, Weixi Zeng, Yalin Hu, Yipeng Xi, Liu Tan (2014). The Relationship among Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, Role Overload and Job Stress of Chinese Middle-Level Cadres, Chinese Studies Vol. 2, Issue, 09, pp.1144-115.
66. Yozgat, Uğur & Yurtkoru, Serra & Bilginoğlu, Elif. (2013). Job Stress and Job Performance Among Employees in Public Sector in Istanbul: Examining the Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 75. 518–524. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.056.
67. Zohar, D. (1999).When things go wrong: The effect of daily work hassles on effort, exertion and negative mood. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72.
2. Nawal., G .(2017). Role Overload and Job Stress among the Female University Teachers- Saudi Context, European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, Vol.6, No.2 pp. 288-295
3. Allen, J., & Mellor, D. (2002).Work context, personal control, and burnout among nurses. West Journal of Nurse Research, 24(8), 905-917. Arold ,D, Cooper, X & Roberston, D. (2005). Work Psychology: Understanding human behavior in the work place. Harlow:Pearson Education Ltd.
4. Cooper, A & Robertson (2005), Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.Belias et al. (2015)Rum et al. (2013 Sutanto et al., (2017
5. Beehr, T. A. (1994). Psychological stress in the workplace. London: Rutledge.
6. Beehr, T. A., Jex, S. M., Stacy, B. A., & Murray, M.A. (2000). Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21, 391-405.
7. Breaugh, J., & Colihan, J. (1994). Measuring facets of job ambiguity: construct validity evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 191-202.
8. Brough, P. & O’ Driscoll, M. (2005). Work-family conflict and stress. In A. S. G. Antoniou & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research Companion to Organizational Health Psychology (pp. 346-365). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
9. Brunner, E. (2002). Stress mechanisms in coronary heart disease. In Stansfeld, S. A., Marmot, M. G. (Ed.), Stress and the Heart (pp. 181 - 199). London: BMJ Books.
10. Buunk, B. P., de Jonge, J., Ybema, J.F., & de Wolff, C.J. (1991). Psychosocial Aspects of Occupational Stress. In P.J.D. Drenth, H. Thierry & C.J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, 145-182.
11. Cartwright, S., & C, Cooper, C. E. (1997). Managing workplace stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Cochinwala, S., & Imam, A. (1987). Anxiety and job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 18, 9-16.
13. Cooper, C, L, Dewe P.J., & O’ Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
14. Fenlason, K J., & Beehr, T. A. (1994). Social support and occupational stress: effects of talking to others. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15, 157-175.
15. Freedy, J. R., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1994). Stress inoculation for reduction of burnout: A conservation of resources approach. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 6, 311-325.
16. Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper. (1992). Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable. Journal of Organizational behaviour, 13,723-729.
17. Garbarino, Sergio & Cuomo, Giovanni & Chiorri, Carlo & Magnavita, Nicola. (2013). Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit. BMJ open. 3. 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002791.
18. Goldenberg, D., & Waddell, J. (1990). Occupational stress and coping strategies among female baccalaureate nursing faculty. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 531-543.
19. Hackman, J.R & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of workers: Test of a theory .Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
20. Haq, A., & Sohail, T. (1997). Stress, social support and burnout in nurses. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 12,770-786.
21. Hardy, M. E., & Conway, M. E. (1988). Role theory: Perspectives for health professionals (2nd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
22. Hillhouse J. J., & Adler C. M. (1997) Investigating stress effect patterns in hospital staff nurses: result of cluster analysis. Social Science and Medicine 45, 1781–1788.
23. Houkes, I., Janssen, P. P. M., De Jonge, J., & Nijhuis, F. J. N. (2001). Specific relationships between work characteristics and intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intention: A multi-sample analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 1–23.
24. Idris, M.K., (2011). Over time effects of role stress on psychological strain among Malaysian public university academics. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9): 154-161
25. Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A Meta-analysis and Conceptual Critique Of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in work settings , Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 36, 16-78.
26. Kalliath T., & Morris, R. (2002). Job satisfaction among nurses: A prediction of burn out level. Nurse Admin, 32, 648-654.
27. Roohangiz, K., Zoharah, O., Farhad,A & Zinab, K. (2014). The influence of role overload, role conflict and role ambiguity on occupational stress among nurses in selected Iranian hospitals.
28. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: Wiley.
29. Lambert, V., & Lambert C, Ito .M. (2001). Workplace stereos ways of coping and demographic Characteristics as Predictors of physical and mental health of Japanese hospital nurses. International Journal of Nurses Studies, 41, 85-97.
30. Landsbergis, P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers. A test of the job demands-control model. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 9, 27-39.
31. Linda, G.M.,& John, M.J. (2010).sOCIOLOGY (7th Canadian ed).Pearson Candap 129. SBN 978-0-13-80027-1SS
32. Malik, MI, Sajjad, M, Hyder, S, Ahmad, MS, Ahmed, J & Hussain, S 2013, ‘Role overload: A cause of diminishing employee retention and productivity’, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1573–1577.
33. Markham, W. T., & Bonjean, C. M. (1996). Employment status and attitudes and behavior of higher status women volunteers, 1975 and 1992: A case study. Sex Roles, 34, 695-716.
34. Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leither, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Eds.) Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
35. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and mata-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.
36. McGrath, J. E. (1989). Stress and behavior in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1351-1395). Chicago: and McNally College.
37. Mohamad, M., & Badawy, S. (2015). Perfectionism and Job Burnout: Does Religious Coping Moderate the Relationship?. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(12), 01-14. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v5i12.896O’
38. O`Driscoll, M., & Beehr, T. (1994). Supervisor behaviour, role stressor and uncertainty as predictor of personal outcomes for subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15, 141-155.
39. O’Connor, D. B., O’Connor, R. C., White. B, L., & Bundred, P. E. (2000). Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure in British general practitioners: A preliminary study. Psychology Health and Medicine, 5, 241-250.
40. Pareek, U. (1983). Role Stress Scale. Ahmedabad: Naveen Publications.
41. Pareek, U. (1984). Organizational role stress. In L.D. Goodstein & J.W. Pfeiffer (Eds). The 1983 annual (115-123). San Diego, CA: University Associates.
42. Parikh, P., A. Taukari and T. Bhattacharya, 2004. Occupational stress and coping among nurses. Journal of Health Management, 6(2): 115
43. Pestonjee, D. M., & Azeem, S. M. (2001). A study of organizational role stress in relation to job burnout among university teachers. II MA Working paper (Indian Institute of management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department).
44. Rizzo, J., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15,150-163.
45. Ruyter, Wetzels, & Feinberg. (2002). Role stress in call centres: its effects on employee’s performance and satisfaction. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15, 24-35.
46. Sahar, M., Badawy, (2015). Egyptian Teachers' Burnout: The Role of Work Environment Characteristics and Job Stress. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 3. 101-110. 10.12691/jbms-3-4-1.
47. Schaubroeck, J., Jones J. R., & Xie, J. L. (2001). Individual differences in utilizing control to cope with job demands: Effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. Journal of Applied Psychology, 265-278.
48. Schnall, P. L., Belkic, K., Landsbergis, P., & Baker, D. (2000). The workplace and Cardiovascular Disease. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 15, 13-34.
49. Schmidt, Susanne & Roesler, U., & Kusserow, Talin & Rau, Renate. (2014). Uncertainty in the workplace: Examining role ambiguity and role conflict, and their link to depression-A meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 23. 91-106. 10.1080/1359432X.2012.711523.
50. Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1, 27-41.
51. Singh, J., & Rhoads, G. K. (1991). Boundary role ambiguity in marketing oriented positions: A multidimensional, multifaceted operationalization. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 328-338.
52. Shreya Garg & Rajib Dhar. (2014). Effects of stress, LMX and perceived organizational support on service quality: Mediating effects of organizational commitment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 21. 64–75. 10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.07.002.
53. Hashemi, , Jusoh Jamil,S.Kiumarsi, and Mohammadi Shno (2015). Exploring the Role of Stress on Organizational Commitment among Employees in Hospitality Industry: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction, International Journal of Information Research and Review Selye.
54. Soni Kushwaha, (2014), Stress Management At Work Place, Global Journal Of Finance And Management. Volume 6, number 5 pp. 469-472.
55. Spector, P. E., Chen, P. Y., O’Connell, B. J. (2000). A longitudinal study of relation between job stressors and job strains while controlling for prior negative affective and strains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 211-218.
56. Steffy, B., & Jones, J. (1990). Differences between full-time and part-time employees in perceived role strain and work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11, 321=330.
57. Stroebe, W., Stroebe, M., Abakoumkin, G., & Schut, H. (1996). The role of loneliness and social support in adjustment to loss: A test of attachment versus stress theory. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1241-9.
58. Beehr, Jex, Stacy, & Murray, 2000). Analysis of the effects of role overload and role conflict on performance through job stress as a mediating variable in the cellular phone trading centers in Surabaya. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 19(3), 405-414.
59. Sutherland, V. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2000). Strategic stress Management: An organizational approach. New York: Palgrave.
60. Nyanga, T., Mudhovozi., P & Chireshe, R. (2012). Causes and Effects of Role Ambiguity as Perceived by Human Resource Management Professionals in Zimbabwe, Journal of Social Sciences, 30:3, 293-303, DOI: 10.1080/09718923.2012.11893006 In another study on the impact of role ambiguity on job satisfaction and performance among human resource management professionals in Zimbabwe Nyanga et al., (2012) found a close association between job satisfaction and high productivity in the employees.
61. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Om b. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational Behaviour (pp.1-74). Stamfor, CT: JAI Press.
62. Wincent, J., Ortqvist, D., & Drnovsek, M. (2008). The entrepreneur's role stressors and proclivity for a venture withdrawal. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24,232-246.
63. Yoloye, T. C. (2003). Stress and Adaptive response in the Workplace. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology.
64. Yongkang, Z, Weixi, Z, Yalin, H, Yipeng, X & Liu, T (2014). The relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and job stress of Chinese middle-level cadres’, Chinese Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 8–11.
65. Yongkang Zhou, Weixi Zeng, Yalin Hu, Yipeng Xi, Liu Tan (2014). The Relationship among Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, Role Overload and Job Stress of Chinese Middle-Level Cadres, Chinese Studies Vol. 2, Issue, 09, pp.1144-115.
66. Yozgat, Uğur & Yurtkoru, Serra & Bilginoğlu, Elif. (2013). Job Stress and Job Performance Among Employees in Public Sector in Istanbul: Examining the Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 75. 518–524. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.056.
67. Zohar, D. (1999).When things go wrong: The effect of daily work hassles on effort, exertion and negative mood. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72.
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Sep 1, 2023
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Sharif Ullah Jan, Salma Andleeb, & Saima Arzeen. (2023). ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESSORS AS PREDICTORS OF PERSONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR PARAMEDICS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(16), 839-850. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i16.3654
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Author Biographies
Sharif Ullah Jan
Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar
Salma Andleeb
Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar
Saima Arzeen
Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar
How to Cite
Sharif Ullah Jan, Salma Andleeb, & Saima Arzeen. (2023). ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESSORS AS PREDICTORS OF PERSONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR PARAMEDICS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(16), 839-850. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i16.3654