EMPATHY, ALTRUISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BIG FIVE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AMONG UNDERGRADUATES STUDENTS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Empathy Altruism Big Five Personality Characteristics
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the effect of empathy on altruism. Further the study investigated relationship of big five personality traits with altruism and empathy and predictors of altruism and empathy among undergraduate students of Peshawar KP. The sample consisted of (N=300) students in the age range between 20 to 25 years (M=23.07, SD=4.51).The sample was selected through the Convenient Sampling Technique from different universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Adapted Self-report Altruism Scale (ASRAS), the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) along with demographic sheet were administered with the whole sample. The results indicate a positive relationship between empathy and altruism, show that high level of empathy increases altruistic tendencies. The findings also reveal significant association of altruism and empathy with certain personality traits. A positive correlation between agreeableness and altruism suggests that individuals with high level of agreeableness are more prone to altruistic behaviors, while a negative relationship between neuroticism and altruism shows that individuals with low level of neuroticism are more inclined to engage in altruistic acts. In addition, a significant positive relationship of empathy, with agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness reveals that individuals with elevated scores in these personality traits tend to exhibit high level of empathy. The findings of the study have important implications by suggesting an utmost need on part of the policy makers to develop altruistic behavior in people of general population by modifying certain personality traits in them which in turn will positively contribute to the welfare of the society.
References
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9. Batson, C. D., Dyck, J. L., Brandt, J. Bellet, P.S, & Maloney, M. J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. JAMA. 266 (13): 1831–2. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039. PMID 1909761.
10. Batson, C. D., Dyck, J. L., Brandt, J. R., Batson, J. G., Powell, A. L., McMaster, M. R., & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(1), 52.
11. Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2015). The empathy—Altruism hypothesis. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 259–281). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.023
12. Batson, C. Donald. (2011). Altruism in Humans, New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Bellet, P.S, Maloney, M.J.(1991). "The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine". JAMA. 266 (13): 1831–2. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039. PMID 1909761.
14. Brodie, R.J., Hollbeek,, L.D., Juric ,B. (2011). Customer engagement:Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal ofService Research 17(3):1-20
15. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 481-494. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481
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18. Decety, J. (2011). The neuro evolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 35-45.
19. Del Barrio, V., Aluja, A., & García, L. F. (2004). Relationship between empathy and the Big Five personality traits in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(7), 677-681. doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.7.677
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21. Eisenberg, N. (2009). Values, Sympathy, and Individual Differences: Toward a Pluralism of Factors Influencing Altruism and Empathy https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0202_5 ages 128-131 | Published online: 10 Dec 2009
22. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91.
23. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Miller, P.A., Shell, R., Shea, C. & May-Plumlee, T. (1990). Preschoolers‟ vicarious emotional responding and their situational and dispositional prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36, 507-529.
24. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P. Smith, M., O‟Boyle, C. & Suh, K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.776
25. Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 52, 749-758. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.749 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P. Smith, M., O‟Boyle, C. & Suh,K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.
26. Feldman, Hull, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Empathic concern drives costly altruism. Neuroimaging, 105, 347-356.
27. Guo, Q., Sun, P., & Li, L. (2018). Why neurotic individuals are less prosocial? A multiple mediation analysis regarding related mechanisms. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 55-61.
28. Hakansson, J, & Montgomery, H. (2003). "Empathy as an Interpersonal Phenomenon". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 20 (3): 267–284. doi:10.1177/0265407503020003001. ISSN 0265-4075.
29. Hall, J.A, Schwartz, R, & Duong, F. (2021). "How do laypeople define empathy?". The Journal of Social Psychology. 161 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567. ISSN 0022-4545. PMID 32870130.
30. Hoffman, M.L. (1976). Empathy, role-taking, guilt, and the development of altruistic motives. In Likona, T. ed. Moral development and behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Wi nst
31. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.
32. Karmakar, A., Chatterjee, P., & Dogra, A. K. (2017). Does the relationship between agreeableness and empathy vary considering other personality factors? An empirical study. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(8), 826-831.
33. Kaushik, P., Chawla, A., & Vig, D. (2021). Relationship of altruism with empathy among adolescents: A gender study. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 91-95.
34. Khan, S., Ihsan M., Farooq,, S., Iqbal,M.M., Rubab,.M.M. (2022). Emotional Empathy and Altruism among Health Professionals. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 23(2) February, 2022; 1-6. DOI: 10.54615/2231-7805.47242
35. King, E. B., George, J. M., & Hebi, M. R. (2005). Linking personality to helping behaviors at work: An interactional perspective. Journal of Personality, 73(3), 585-608. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00322.x
36. Kinjari, K., Gopal, C. N., & Mathew, A. L. (2019). Relationship between altruism and personality among young adults. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 7.
37. Kraut, & Richard (2020), "Altruism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 5 May 2024
38. Kumar, S., Rakhi, & Rathee, R. (2019). Personality traits in relation to altruism: yes or no. Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary. Vol, 4 Issue-4 www.rrjounal .com
39. Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
40. Meade, G.H. 1934. Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
41. Melchers,M..C., Li, M., Haas,B.W., Reuter, M., Bischoff ., L., Montag,C. ( 2016). Similar Personality Patterns Are Associated with Empathy in Four Different Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol-7 00290 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00290
42. Oda, R., Machii, W., Takagi, S., Kato, Y., Takeda, M.,Kiyonari, T., Fukukawa, Y., & Hiraishi, K. (2014). Personality and altruism in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 206-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.017
43. Okasha ,& Samir (2020), "Biological Altruism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 5 May 2024
44. Pradeep, P, Abraham,T, Abraham, A.A,Mathew, E, Jacob, F.G, Nandana, V.S. (2022). Personaity and altruism among psychological and non-psychological students. International Journal of Research Publication and Review, Vol,3 No, 12,pp 2833-2836.
45. Pursell, G. R., Laursen, B., Rubin, K. H., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2008). Gender differences in patterns of association between prosocial behavior, personality, and externalizing problems. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 472-481.
46. Read, H. (2019). A typology of empathy and its many moral forms". Philosophy Compass. 14 (10). doi:10.1111/phc3.12623. S2CID 202396600.
47. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
48. Shen, B., Qu, W., Ge, Y., Sun, X., & Zhang, K. (2018). The relationship between personalities and self-report positive driving behavior in a Chinese sample. PLoS one, 13(1), e0190746.
49. Shiner, R. L. (2000). Linking childhood personality with adaptation: Evidence for continuity and change across time into late adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 310-325. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.310
50. Song, Y., & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and big five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PloS one, 12(2), e0171665.
51. Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of personality assessment, 91(1), 62-71.
52. Tariq, N., Rasheed,.T., Tawakol, .M. (2017).A Quantitative Study of Empathy in Pakistani Medical Students: A Multicentered Approach . Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 8 (10) DOI:10.1177/2150131917716233
53. Thielmann, I., Spadaro, G., & Balliet, D. (2020). Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(1), 30.
54. Toi, M., & Batson, C. D. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(2), 281–292. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.2.281
55. Weiss-Sidi, Merav; Riemer, Hila (23 June 2023). "Help others—be happy? The effect of altruistic behavior on happiness across cultures". Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156661. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 10326385. PMID 37425146.
56. Witt, P., & Boleman, C. (2009). Adapted self-report altruism scale. Youth Development.
57. Yoo, D., Han, Y. S. (2024). Effect of adolescents’ cognitive and emotional empathy and altruistic behavior on psychological well-being Korean Journal of Child Studies 45(1):1-13 DOI:10.5723/kjcs.2024.45.1.1
2. Afolabi, O. A. (2013). Roles of personality types, emotional intelligence and gender differences on prosocial behavior. Psychological thought, 6(1).
3. Aguiar,C.S., Formiga ,N.S., Cantinilo, A. (2017). Personality traits and empathetic abilities: a predictive study on medical students. Bol-Acad. P.aul. Psicol, Vol,37 no 92
4. Batson, C. D. (1987). Pro-social motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic. Experimental social psychology Vol. 20, pp. 65-122
5. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Towards a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Batson, C. D., & Shaw, L. L. (1991). Evidence for altruism: Toward a pluralism of prosocial motives. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 107-122.
7. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Todd, R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(3), 413.
8. Batson, C. D., Duncan, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation?. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 290.
9. Batson, C. D., Dyck, J. L., Brandt, J. Bellet, P.S, & Maloney, M. J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. JAMA. 266 (13): 1831–2. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039. PMID 1909761.
10. Batson, C. D., Dyck, J. L., Brandt, J. R., Batson, J. G., Powell, A. L., McMaster, M. R., & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(1), 52.
11. Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2015). The empathy—Altruism hypothesis. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 259–281). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.023
12. Batson, C. Donald. (2011). Altruism in Humans, New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Bellet, P.S, Maloney, M.J.(1991). "The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine". JAMA. 266 (13): 1831–2. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039. PMID 1909761.
14. Brodie, R.J., Hollbeek,, L.D., Juric ,B. (2011). Customer engagement:Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal ofService Research 17(3):1-20
15. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 481-494. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481
16. Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J., & Beaman, A. L. (1987).
17. de Aguiar, C.S., Formiga,N.S., Cantinilo, A.(2017). Personality traits and empathic abilities: a predictive study on medical students. Bol. - Acad. Paul. Psicol. [online]. 2017, vol.37, n.92, pp.129-138. ISSN 1415-711X.
18. Decety, J. (2011). The neuro evolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 35-45.
19. Del Barrio, V., Aluja, A., & García, L. F. (2004). Relationship between empathy and the Big Five personality traits in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(7), 677-681. doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.7.677
20. Dymond, R.F. (1945). A preliminary investigation of the relation of insight and empathy. Journal of Consulting Psychology 12(4):228-33.
21. Eisenberg, N. (2009). Values, Sympathy, and Individual Differences: Toward a Pluralism of Factors Influencing Altruism and Empathy https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0202_5 ages 128-131 | Published online: 10 Dec 2009
22. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91.
23. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Miller, P.A., Shell, R., Shea, C. & May-Plumlee, T. (1990). Preschoolers‟ vicarious emotional responding and their situational and dispositional prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36, 507-529.
24. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P. Smith, M., O‟Boyle, C. & Suh, K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.776
25. Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 52, 749-758. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.749 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P. Smith, M., O‟Boyle, C. & Suh,K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.
26. Feldman, Hull, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Empathic concern drives costly altruism. Neuroimaging, 105, 347-356.
27. Guo, Q., Sun, P., & Li, L. (2018). Why neurotic individuals are less prosocial? A multiple mediation analysis regarding related mechanisms. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 55-61.
28. Hakansson, J, & Montgomery, H. (2003). "Empathy as an Interpersonal Phenomenon". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 20 (3): 267–284. doi:10.1177/0265407503020003001. ISSN 0265-4075.
29. Hall, J.A, Schwartz, R, & Duong, F. (2021). "How do laypeople define empathy?". The Journal of Social Psychology. 161 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567. ISSN 0022-4545. PMID 32870130.
30. Hoffman, M.L. (1976). Empathy, role-taking, guilt, and the development of altruistic motives. In Likona, T. ed. Moral development and behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Wi nst
31. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.
32. Karmakar, A., Chatterjee, P., & Dogra, A. K. (2017). Does the relationship between agreeableness and empathy vary considering other personality factors? An empirical study. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(8), 826-831.
33. Kaushik, P., Chawla, A., & Vig, D. (2021). Relationship of altruism with empathy among adolescents: A gender study. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 91-95.
34. Khan, S., Ihsan M., Farooq,, S., Iqbal,M.M., Rubab,.M.M. (2022). Emotional Empathy and Altruism among Health Professionals. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 23(2) February, 2022; 1-6. DOI: 10.54615/2231-7805.47242
35. King, E. B., George, J. M., & Hebi, M. R. (2005). Linking personality to helping behaviors at work: An interactional perspective. Journal of Personality, 73(3), 585-608. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00322.x
36. Kinjari, K., Gopal, C. N., & Mathew, A. L. (2019). Relationship between altruism and personality among young adults. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 7.
37. Kraut, & Richard (2020), "Altruism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 5 May 2024
38. Kumar, S., Rakhi, & Rathee, R. (2019). Personality traits in relation to altruism: yes or no. Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary. Vol, 4 Issue-4 www.rrjounal .com
39. Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
40. Meade, G.H. 1934. Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
41. Melchers,M..C., Li, M., Haas,B.W., Reuter, M., Bischoff ., L., Montag,C. ( 2016). Similar Personality Patterns Are Associated with Empathy in Four Different Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol-7 00290 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00290
42. Oda, R., Machii, W., Takagi, S., Kato, Y., Takeda, M.,Kiyonari, T., Fukukawa, Y., & Hiraishi, K. (2014). Personality and altruism in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 206-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.017
43. Okasha ,& Samir (2020), "Biological Altruism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 5 May 2024
44. Pradeep, P, Abraham,T, Abraham, A.A,Mathew, E, Jacob, F.G, Nandana, V.S. (2022). Personaity and altruism among psychological and non-psychological students. International Journal of Research Publication and Review, Vol,3 No, 12,pp 2833-2836.
45. Pursell, G. R., Laursen, B., Rubin, K. H., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2008). Gender differences in patterns of association between prosocial behavior, personality, and externalizing problems. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 472-481.
46. Read, H. (2019). A typology of empathy and its many moral forms". Philosophy Compass. 14 (10). doi:10.1111/phc3.12623. S2CID 202396600.
47. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
48. Shen, B., Qu, W., Ge, Y., Sun, X., & Zhang, K. (2018). The relationship between personalities and self-report positive driving behavior in a Chinese sample. PLoS one, 13(1), e0190746.
49. Shiner, R. L. (2000). Linking childhood personality with adaptation: Evidence for continuity and change across time into late adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 310-325. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.310
50. Song, Y., & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and big five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PloS one, 12(2), e0171665.
51. Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of personality assessment, 91(1), 62-71.
52. Tariq, N., Rasheed,.T., Tawakol, .M. (2017).A Quantitative Study of Empathy in Pakistani Medical Students: A Multicentered Approach . Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 8 (10) DOI:10.1177/2150131917716233
53. Thielmann, I., Spadaro, G., & Balliet, D. (2020). Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(1), 30.
54. Toi, M., & Batson, C. D. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(2), 281–292. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.2.281
55. Weiss-Sidi, Merav; Riemer, Hila (23 June 2023). "Help others—be happy? The effect of altruistic behavior on happiness across cultures". Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156661. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 10326385. PMID 37425146.
56. Witt, P., & Boleman, C. (2009). Adapted self-report altruism scale. Youth Development.
57. Yoo, D., Han, Y. S. (2024). Effect of adolescents’ cognitive and emotional empathy and altruistic behavior on psychological well-being Korean Journal of Child Studies 45(1):1-13 DOI:10.5723/kjcs.2024.45.1.1
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Wajeeha Hussain, Salma Andleeb, Bibi Shafia, & Gulshan Ibraheem. (2024). EMPATHY, ALTRUISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BIG FIVE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AMONG UNDERGRADUATES STUDENTS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1889-1901. https://doi.org/10.53555/cj2nab21
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Author Biographies
Wajeeha Hussain
Lecturer, Kohat University of Science and Technology Pakistan
Salma Andleeb
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan
Bibi Shafia
Lecturer, Kohat University of Science and Technology Pakistan,
Gulshan Ibraheem
Student, Islamia College Peshawar Pakistan
How to Cite
Wajeeha Hussain, Salma Andleeb, Bibi Shafia, & Gulshan Ibraheem. (2024). EMPATHY, ALTRUISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BIG FIVE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AMONG UNDERGRADUATES STUDENTS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1889-1901. https://doi.org/10.53555/cj2nab21