EXPLORING AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION: INVESTIGATING ITS COMPREHENSIVE IMPACT ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, REVEALING MECHANISMS, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES IN A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ARTICLE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Autonomic Dysfunction, Cardiovascular Disorders, Neurological Disorders, Mechanisms, Treatment Approaches
Abstract
This review article explores the multifaceted nature of autonomic dysfunction and its impact on cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) maintains physiological balance by regulating vital functions. Dysfunction within the ANS, characterized by dysregulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, manifests in various clinical symptoms and contributes to the pathophysiology of numerous cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
The review delves into the mechanisms underlying autonomic dysfunction, encompassing primary autonomic disorders, neurological conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and systemic illnesses. A range of diagnostic approaches are explored, including clinical evaluation, autonomic function tests, and advanced imaging modalities. The article also highlights various therapeutic strategies, encompassing pharmacological interventions, non-pharmacological approaches, and emerging therapies.The clinical significance of autonomic dysfunction is emphasized, with its association with increased morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Challenges in managing autonomic dysfunction are acknowledged, including limited awareness, variable diagnostic criteria, and a lack of standardized treatment protocols. Future directions for research and clinical practice are proposed, focusing on elucidating the genetic basis of the disease, exploring novel therapeutic targets, and integrating digital health technologies for personalized management.
By fostering collaboration between clinicians, researchers, and patient advocacy groups, the authors emphasize the importance of advancing knowledge and improving outcomes for patients affected by autonomic dysfunction and associated cardiovascular and neurological disorders.
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18. Grassi G, Esler M. The sympathetic nervous system in renovascular hypertension: lead actor or guilty bystander? Hypertension. 1999;34(2):226-229.
19. Palma JA, Kaufmann H. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(3):298-308.
20. Biaggioni I, Robertson D. Hypertension in humans: diagnostic and pathophysiological aspects. Front Neurosci. 2014;8:67.
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23. Goldstein DS, Sharabi Y. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a pathophysiological approach. Circulation. 2009;119(1):139-146.
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Dr Umaid Hassan Malik
Shifa International Hospital Islamabad Pakistan
Dr Absar Khalid Mir
Shifa International Hospital Islamabad Pakistan
Dr Ayesha Khan Baloch
Shifa College of Medicine/ Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan
Dr Usama Zahid Raja
Shifa College of Medicine/ Shifa International Hospital Islamabad Pakistan
Dr Taimur ul Islam
Shifa International Hospital Islamabad Pakistan
Dr Fatima Hayat
Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi
Mohammad Ahmad Abbasi
Rashid Latif Medical College and Hospital Lahore
Dr Muhammad Ali Hassan
Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan