THE IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF EAR,NOSE, AND THROAT CONDITIONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
Objectives: The impacts of Air Pollutants on the development and progression of Ear,Nose, and Throat Conditions. In this study, we evaluated the impact of air pollution on the prevalence of ENT diseases.
Methods: We identified cases of ENT disease occurring in 2023, as recorded in ENT and head and neck department Bolan Medical College Quetta, and explored their associations with the levels of five air pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM10 particles; particulates ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter). Subjects diagnosed with at least one of the five studied ENT diseases were included in analysis, but those aged under 19 years were excluded. Linear associations between ENT disease frequency and pollutant levels were evaluated by calculating Spearman correlations. After adjusting for age, gender, and geographic region, multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: A total of 7,399 subjects with ENT diseases were identified. A linear association was evident between PM10 concentration and the frequency of septal deviation (Spearman coefficient, 0.507; P=0.045). After adjustment, the PM10 level was associated with high odds ratios for chronic rhinosinusitis (1.22; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.46) and septal deviation (1.43; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.67). Both of these conditions were more prevalent in males.
Conclusion: We found that increased ambient concentrations of PM10 particles were clearly associated with increased the risk of chronic rhinosinusitis and septal deviation; the exposure-response relationship was definitive.
References
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13. London NR Jr, Tharakan A, Ramanathan M Jr. The role of innate im munity and aeroallergens in chronic rhinosinusitis. Adv Otorhinolar yngol. 2016;79:69-77.
14. Nicolussi FH, Santos AP, Andre SC, Veiga TB, Takayanagui AM. Air pollution and respiratory allergic diseases in schoolchildren. Rev Saude Publica. 2014 Apr;48(2):326-30.
15. Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, Meliefste K, Fischer PH, Wijga A, et al. Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory in fections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Oct;166(8):1092-8.
16. Brauer M, Hoek G, Smit HA, de Jongste JC, Gerritsen J, Postma DS, et al. Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort. Eur Respir J. 2007 May;29(5):879-88.
17. Pedersen PA, Weeke ER. Allergic rhinitis in Danish general practice: prevalence and consultation rates. Allergy. 1981 Aug;36(6):375-9.
18. Mamikoglu B, Houser S, Akbar I, Ng B, Corey JP. Acoustic rhinome try and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Jul;123(1 Pt 1):61-8.
19. Szucs E, Clement PA. Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in the evaluation of nasal patency of patients with nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol. 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):345-52.
20. Choi H, Park IH, Yoon HG, Lee HM. Diagnostic accuracy evaluation of nasal sound spectral analysis compared with peak nasal inspira tory flow in nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011 Mar Apr;25(2):e86-9.
21. Andrades P, Cuevas P, Danilla S, Bernales J, Longton C, Borel C, et al. The accuracy of different methods for diagnosing septal deviation in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a prospective study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016 Jun;69(6):848-55.
22. Sedaghat AR, Busaba NY, Cunningham MJ, Kieff DA. Clinical as sessment is an accurate predictor of which patients will need septo plasty. Laryngoscope. 2013 Jan;123(1):48-52.
23. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Villarreal-Calderon A, Lyght O, Janszen D, Morgan KT. Nasal epithelium as a sentinel for airborne environmental pollution. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Dec;46(2): 352-64.
24. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Valencia-Salazar G, Mora-Tascareno A, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Nasal biopsies of chil dren exposed to air pollutants. Toxicol Pathol. 2001 Sep-Oct;29(5): 558-64.
25. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Valencia-Salazar G, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Gambling TM, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Ultrastructural nasal pa thology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pol lutants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Feb;24(2):132-8.
26. Abbey DE, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, McDonnell WF, Lebowitz MD, Enright PL. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1): 289-98.
27. Galizia A, Kinney PL. Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of non smoking young adults [dsee comments].Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Aug;107(8):675-9.
28. Korrick SA, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Gold DR, Allen GA, Hill LB, et al. Effects of ozone and other pollutants on the pulmonary function of adult hikers. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106(2):93-9.
29. Wang B, Peng Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Wang H, Allen G, et al. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and pulmonary function in never-smoking adults in Chongqing, China. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999 Jan Mar;5(1):14-9.
30. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Monn C, Bolognini G, et al. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jan;155(1):122-9.
31. Chestnut LG, Schwartz J, Savitz DA, Burchfiel CM. Pulmonary function and ambient particulate matter: epidemiological evidence from NHANES I. Arch Environ Health. 1991 May-Jun;46(3):135-44.
32. Jedrychowski W, Krzyzanowski M. Ventilatory lung function and chronic chest symptoms among the inhabitants of urban areas with various levels of acid aerosols: prospective study in Cracow. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Feb;79:101-7.
33. Oosterlee A, Drijver M, Lebret E, Brunekreef B. Chronic respiratory symptoms in children and adults living along streets with high traffic density. Occup Environ Med. 1996 Apr;53(4):241-7.
34. Zeka A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 May;163(9):849-59.
18. Mamikoglu B, Houser S, Akbar I, Ng B, Corey JP. Acoustic rhinome try and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Jul;123(1 Pt 1):61-8.
19. Szucs E, Clement PA. Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in the evaluation of nasal patency of patients with nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol. 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):345-52.
20. Choi H, Park IH, Yoon HG, Lee HM. Diagnostic accuracy evaluation of nasal sound spectral analysis compared with peak nasal inspira tory flow in nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011 Mar Apr;25(2):e86-9.
21. Andrades P, Cuevas P, Danilla S, Bernales J, Longton C, Borel C, et al. The accuracy of different methods for diagnosing septal deviation in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a prospective study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016 Jun;69(6):848-55.
22. Sedaghat AR, Busaba NY, Cunningham MJ, Kieff DA. Clinical as sessment is an accurate predictor of which patients will need septo plasty. Laryngoscope. 2013 Jan;123(1):48-52.
23. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Villarreal-Calderon A, Lyght O, Janszen D, Morgan KT. Nasal epithelium as a sentinel for airborne environmental pollution. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Dec;46(2): 352-64.
24. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Valencia-Salazar G, Mora-Tascareno A, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Nasal biopsies of chil dren exposed to air pollutants. Toxicol Pathol. 2001 Sep-Oct;29(5): 558-64.
25. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Valencia-Salazar G, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Gambling TM, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Ultrastructural nasal pa thology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pol lutants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Feb;24(2):132-8.
26. Abbey DE, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, McDonnell WF, Lebowitz MD, Enright PL. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1): 289-98.
27. Galizia A, Kinney PL. Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of non smoking young adults [dsee comments]. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Aug;107(8):675-9.
28. Korrick SA, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Gold DR, Allen GA, Hill LB, et al. Effects of ozone and other pollutants on the pulmonary function of adult hikers. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106(2):93-9.
29. Wang B, Peng Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Wang H, Allen G, et al. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and pulmonary function in never-smoking adults in Chongqing, China. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999 Jan Mar;5(1):14-9.
30. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Monn C, Bolognini G, et al. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jan;155(1):122-9.
31. Chestnut LG, Schwartz J, Savitz DA, Burchfiel CM. Pulmonary function and ambient particulate matter: epidemiological evidence from NHANES I. Arch Environ Health. 1991 May-Jun;46(3):135-44.
32. Jedrychowski W, Krzyzanowski M. Ventilatory lung function and chronic chest symptoms among the inhabitants of urban areas with various levels of acid aerosols: prospective study in Cracow. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Feb;79:101-7.
33. Oosterlee A, Drijver M, Lebret E, Brunekreef B. Chronic respiratory symptoms in children and adults living along streets with high traffic density. Occup Environ Med. 1996 Apr;53(4):241-7.
34. Zeka A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 May;163(9):849-59.
35. Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Feb;118(2):167-76.
36. Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. Cien Saude Colet. 2011 Apr;16(4):2221-38.
2. West JV. Acute upper airway infections: childhood respiratory infec tions. Br Med Bull. 2002;61(1):215-30.
3. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Franco-Lira M, Henriquez-Roldan C, Os naya N, Gonzalez-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, et al. Urban air pol lution: influences on olfactory function and pathology in exposed children and young adults. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2010 Jan;62(1):91-102.
4. Zhang F, Krafft T, Ye B, Zhang F, Zhang J, Luo H, et al. The lag effects and seasonal differences of air pollutants on allergic rhinitis in Bei jing. Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jan;442:172-6.
5. Zhang F, Wang W, Lv J, Krafft T, Xu J. Time-series studies on air pol lution and daily outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis in Beijing, Chi na. Sci Total Environ. 2011 Jun;409(13):2486-92.
6. Zhang F, Xu J, Zhang Z, Meng H, Wang L, Lu J, et al. Ambient air quality and the effects of air pollutants on otolaryngology in Beijing. Environ Monit Assess. 2015 Aug;187(8):495.
7. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Garcia R, Barragan G, Villarreal-Calderon A, Madden MC. Cell proliferation in nasal re spiratory epithelium of people exposed to urban pollution. Carcino genesis. 1999 Mar;20(3):383-9.
8. Noh J, Sohn J, Cho J, Cho SK, Choi YJ, Kim C, et al. Short-term ef fects of ambient air pollution on emergency department visits for asthma: an assessment of effect modification by prior allergic disease history. J Prev Med Public Health. 2016 Sep;49(5):329-41.
9. Kang SH, Heo J, Oh IY, Kim J, Lim WH, Cho Y, et al. Ambient air pollution and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Jan; 203:1086-92.
10. Hong YC, Lee JT, Kim H, Kwon HJ. Air pollution: a new risk factor in ischemic stroke mortality. Stroke. 2002 Sep;33(9):2165-9.
11. Hamra GB, Guha N, Cohen A, Laden F, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Samet JM, et al. Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):906-11.
12. Rogers GA, Den Beste K, Parkos CA, Nusrat A, Delgaudio JM, Wise SK. Epithelial tight junction alterations in nasal polyposis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011 Jan-Feb;1(1):50-4.
13. London NR Jr, Tharakan A, Ramanathan M Jr. The role of innate im munity and aeroallergens in chronic rhinosinusitis. Adv Otorhinolar yngol. 2016;79:69-77.
14. Nicolussi FH, Santos AP, Andre SC, Veiga TB, Takayanagui AM. Air pollution and respiratory allergic diseases in schoolchildren. Rev Saude Publica. 2014 Apr;48(2):326-30.
15. Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, Meliefste K, Fischer PH, Wijga A, et al. Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory in fections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Oct;166(8):1092-8.
16. Brauer M, Hoek G, Smit HA, de Jongste JC, Gerritsen J, Postma DS, et al. Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort. Eur Respir J. 2007 May;29(5):879-88.
17. Pedersen PA, Weeke ER. Allergic rhinitis in Danish general practice: prevalence and consultation rates. Allergy. 1981 Aug;36(6):375-9.
18. Mamikoglu B, Houser S, Akbar I, Ng B, Corey JP. Acoustic rhinome try and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Jul;123(1 Pt 1):61-8.
19. Szucs E, Clement PA. Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in the evaluation of nasal patency of patients with nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol. 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):345-52.
20. Choi H, Park IH, Yoon HG, Lee HM. Diagnostic accuracy evaluation of nasal sound spectral analysis compared with peak nasal inspira tory flow in nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011 Mar Apr;25(2):e86-9.
21. Andrades P, Cuevas P, Danilla S, Bernales J, Longton C, Borel C, et al. The accuracy of different methods for diagnosing septal deviation in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a prospective study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016 Jun;69(6):848-55.
22. Sedaghat AR, Busaba NY, Cunningham MJ, Kieff DA. Clinical as sessment is an accurate predictor of which patients will need septo plasty. Laryngoscope. 2013 Jan;123(1):48-52.
23. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Villarreal-Calderon A, Lyght O, Janszen D, Morgan KT. Nasal epithelium as a sentinel for airborne environmental pollution. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Dec;46(2): 352-64.
24. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Valencia-Salazar G, Mora-Tascareno A, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Nasal biopsies of chil dren exposed to air pollutants. Toxicol Pathol. 2001 Sep-Oct;29(5): 558-64.
25. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Valencia-Salazar G, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Gambling TM, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Ultrastructural nasal pa thology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pol lutants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Feb;24(2):132-8.
26. Abbey DE, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, McDonnell WF, Lebowitz MD, Enright PL. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1): 289-98.
27. Galizia A, Kinney PL. Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of non smoking young adults [dsee comments].Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Aug;107(8):675-9.
28. Korrick SA, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Gold DR, Allen GA, Hill LB, et al. Effects of ozone and other pollutants on the pulmonary function of adult hikers. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106(2):93-9.
29. Wang B, Peng Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Wang H, Allen G, et al. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and pulmonary function in never-smoking adults in Chongqing, China. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999 Jan Mar;5(1):14-9.
30. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Monn C, Bolognini G, et al. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jan;155(1):122-9.
31. Chestnut LG, Schwartz J, Savitz DA, Burchfiel CM. Pulmonary function and ambient particulate matter: epidemiological evidence from NHANES I. Arch Environ Health. 1991 May-Jun;46(3):135-44.
32. Jedrychowski W, Krzyzanowski M. Ventilatory lung function and chronic chest symptoms among the inhabitants of urban areas with various levels of acid aerosols: prospective study in Cracow. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Feb;79:101-7.
33. Oosterlee A, Drijver M, Lebret E, Brunekreef B. Chronic respiratory symptoms in children and adults living along streets with high traffic density. Occup Environ Med. 1996 Apr;53(4):241-7.
34. Zeka A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 May;163(9):849-59.
18. Mamikoglu B, Houser S, Akbar I, Ng B, Corey JP. Acoustic rhinome try and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Jul;123(1 Pt 1):61-8.
19. Szucs E, Clement PA. Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in the evaluation of nasal patency of patients with nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol. 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):345-52.
20. Choi H, Park IH, Yoon HG, Lee HM. Diagnostic accuracy evaluation of nasal sound spectral analysis compared with peak nasal inspira tory flow in nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011 Mar Apr;25(2):e86-9.
21. Andrades P, Cuevas P, Danilla S, Bernales J, Longton C, Borel C, et al. The accuracy of different methods for diagnosing septal deviation in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a prospective study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016 Jun;69(6):848-55.
22. Sedaghat AR, Busaba NY, Cunningham MJ, Kieff DA. Clinical as sessment is an accurate predictor of which patients will need septo plasty. Laryngoscope. 2013 Jan;123(1):48-52.
23. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Villarreal-Calderon A, Lyght O, Janszen D, Morgan KT. Nasal epithelium as a sentinel for airborne environmental pollution. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Dec;46(2): 352-64.
24. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Valencia-Salazar G, Mora-Tascareno A, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Nasal biopsies of chil dren exposed to air pollutants. Toxicol Pathol. 2001 Sep-Oct;29(5): 558-64.
25. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Valencia-Salazar G, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Gambling TM, Garcia R, Osnaya N, et al. Ultrastructural nasal pa thology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pol lutants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Feb;24(2):132-8.
26. Abbey DE, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, McDonnell WF, Lebowitz MD, Enright PL. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1): 289-98.
27. Galizia A, Kinney PL. Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of non smoking young adults [dsee comments]. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Aug;107(8):675-9.
28. Korrick SA, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Gold DR, Allen GA, Hill LB, et al. Effects of ozone and other pollutants on the pulmonary function of adult hikers. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106(2):93-9.
29. Wang B, Peng Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Wang H, Allen G, et al. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and pulmonary function in never-smoking adults in Chongqing, China. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999 Jan Mar;5(1):14-9.
30. Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Monn C, Bolognini G, et al. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jan;155(1):122-9.
31. Chestnut LG, Schwartz J, Savitz DA, Burchfiel CM. Pulmonary function and ambient particulate matter: epidemiological evidence from NHANES I. Arch Environ Health. 1991 May-Jun;46(3):135-44.
32. Jedrychowski W, Krzyzanowski M. Ventilatory lung function and chronic chest symptoms among the inhabitants of urban areas with various levels of acid aerosols: prospective study in Cracow. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Feb;79:101-7.
33. Oosterlee A, Drijver M, Lebret E, Brunekreef B. Chronic respiratory symptoms in children and adults living along streets with high traffic density. Occup Environ Med. 1996 Apr;53(4):241-7.
34. Zeka A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 May;163(9):849-59.
35. Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Feb;118(2):167-76.
36. Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. Cien Saude Colet. 2011 Apr;16(4):2221-38.
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Mar 26, 2024
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Mohammad Iqbal, Muhammad Hanif Khan, Hamid Ur Rehman, Altaf Hussain, Jamil Ahmad, & Muhammad Ayaz. (2024). THE IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF EAR,NOSE, AND THROAT CONDITIONS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(3), 1572-1580. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i3.5171
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Author Biographies
Mohammad Iqbal
Assistant Professor ENT and head and neck department Bolan Medical College Quetta
Muhammad Hanif Khan
Consultant ENT SURGEON, Saidu Medical College / Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat
Hamid Ur Rehman
General practitioner (General Clinics) Shaam Hospital (Emirates Health Services) Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
Altaf Hussain
Department of Pulmonology, Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat
Jamil Ahmad
Faculty of Allied health Science, University of Lahore
Muhammad Ayaz
MBBS FRACGP General Practitioner Elizabeth medical and dental centre 30 Philip highway Elizabeth South Australia 5112 Australia
How to Cite
Mohammad Iqbal, Muhammad Hanif Khan, Hamid Ur Rehman, Altaf Hussain, Jamil Ahmad, & Muhammad Ayaz. (2024). THE IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF EAR,NOSE, AND THROAT CONDITIONS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(3), 1572-1580. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i3.5171