ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY ON CHILDHOOD HEMATOLOGIC CANCERS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Pediatric hematologic cancers, immunotherapy, CAR T-cell therapy, monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, treatment outcomes, Pakistan and China
Abstract
Objectives: The present paper is designed to assess the outcomes of immunotherapy as the approach to treat children diagnosed with hematologic cancer in Pakistan and China in terms of treatment outcomes, adverse immunotherapy-related manifestations, and survivals.
Materials and Methods: A postal cross-sectional study was carried out using data from different pediatric oncology centers in Pakistan and China. The sample design was immunotherapy children under 18 years having a hematologic cancer diagnosis from January 2018 up to December 2023. I only included patients who had undertaken at least one full cycle of immunotherapy. Outcomes from the treatment, adverse effects, and overall patient profile were evaluated over five years.
Results: The current study established that there was a wide variation in the treatment outcomes, with CAR T-cell therapy displaying the highest response rates to treatment, although it is accompanied by great risks like cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Studies on the monoclonal antibody types revealed that they have a safer risk-thresh tone with equal therapeutic value. The more recent checkpoint inhibitors posed lesser side effects but were less efficient in the given cohort.
Conclusion: Immunotherapy has produced great success for pediatric hematologic cancers, each child requires an appropriate therapeutic plan for better outcomes while avoiding adverse effects.
Materials and Methods: A postal cross-sectional study was carried out using data from different pediatric oncology centers in Pakistan and China. The sample design was immunotherapy children under 18 years having a hematologic cancer diagnosis from January 2018 up to December 2023. I only included patients who had undertaken at least one full cycle of immunotherapy. Outcomes from the treatment, adverse effects, and overall patient profile were evaluated over five years.
Results: The current study established that there was a wide variation in the treatment outcomes, with CAR T-cell therapy displaying the highest response rates to treatment, although it is accompanied by great risks like cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Studies on the monoclonal antibody types revealed that they have a safer risk-thresh tone with equal therapeutic value. The more recent checkpoint inhibitors posed lesser side effects but were less efficient in the given cohort.
Conclusion: Immunotherapy has produced great success for pediatric hematologic cancers, each child requires an appropriate therapeutic plan for better outcomes while avoiding adverse effects.
References
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2. Ragoonanan, D., Khazal, S.J., Abdel-Azim, H., McCall, D., Sullivan, B., Tambaro, F.P., Ahmad, A.H., Rowan, C.M., Gutierrez, C., Schadler, K. and Li, S., 2021. Diagnosis, grading, and management of toxicities from immunotherapies in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 18(7), pp.435-453.
3. Yang, H., Xun, Y. and You, H., 2023. The landscape overview of CD47-based immunotherapy for hematological malignancies. Biomarker Research, 11(1), p.15.
4. Qin, H., Yang, L., Chukinas, J.A., Shah, N.N., Tarun, S., Pouzolles, M., Chien, C.D., Niswander, L.M., Welch, A.R., Taylor, N.A. and Tasian, S.K., 2021. Systematic preclinical evaluation of CD33-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia defines optimized construct design. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 9(9).
5. Luo, W., Hoang, H., Miller, K.E., Zhu, H., Xu, S., Mo, X., Garfinkle, E.A., Costello, H., Wijeratne, S., Chemnitz, W. and Gandhi, R., 2024. Combinatorial macrophage induced innate immunotherapy against Ewing sarcoma: Turning “Two Keys” simultaneously. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 43(1), p.193.
6. Lee, J.K., Sivakumar, S., Schrock, A.B., Madison, R., Fabrizio, D., Gjoerup, O., Ross, J.S., Frampton, G.M., Napalkov, P., Montesion, M. and Schutzman, J.L., 2022. Comprehensive pan-cancer genomic landscape of KRAS altered cancers and real-world outcomes in solid tumors. NPJ Precision Oncology, 6(1), p.91.
7. Contreras, C.F., Higham, C.S., Behnert, A., Kim, K., Stieglitz, E. and Tasian, S.K., 2021. Clinical utilization of blinatumomab and inotuzumab immunotherapy in children with relapsed or refractory B‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric blood & cancer, 68(1), p.e28718.
8. Geoerger, B., Kang, H.J., Yalon-Oren, M., Marshall, L.V., Vezina, C., Pappo, A., Laetsch, T.W., Petrilli, A.S., Ebinger, M., Toporski, J. and Glade-Bender, J., 2020. Pembrolizumab in pediatric patients with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1-positive, advanced, relapsed, or refractory solid tumor or lymphoma (KEYNOTE-051): interim analysis of an open-label, single-arm, phase 1–2 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 21(1), pp.121-133.
9. McNeer, J.L., Rau, R.E., Gupta, S., Maude, S.L. and O’Brien, M.M., 2020. Cutting to the front of the line: immunotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 40, pp.e132-e143.
10. Yu, A.L., Gilman, A.L., Ozkaynak, M.F., Naranjo, A., Diccianni, M.B., Gan, J., Hank, J.A., Batova, A., London, W.B., Tenney, S.C. and Smith, M., 2021. Long-term follow-up of a phase III study of ch14. 18 (dinutuximab)+ cytokine immunotherapy in children with high-risk neuroblastoma: COG study ANBL0032. Clinical Cancer Research, 27(8), pp.2179-2189.
11. Lamble, A.J., Eidenschink Brodersen, L., Alonzo, T.A., Wang, J., Pardo, L., Sung, L., Cooper, T.M., Kolb, E.A., Aplenc, R., Tasian, S.K. and Loken, M.R., 2022. CD123 expression is associated with high-risk disease characteristics in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group report. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(3), pp.252-261.
12. Terrones-Campos, C., Ledergerber, B., Vogelius, I.R., Helleberg, M., Specht, L. and Lundgren, J., 2021. Hematological toxicity in patients with solid malignant tumors treated with radiation–temporal analysis, dose-response and impact on survival. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 158, pp.175-183.
13. Persson, M.L., Douglas, A.M., Alvaro, F., Faridi, P., Larsen, M.R., Alonso, M.M., Vitanza, N.A. and Dun, M.D., 2022. The intrinsic and microenvironmental features of diffuse midline glioma: implications for the development of effective immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. Neuro-oncology, 24(9), pp.1408-1422.
14. Yu, B., Luo, F., Sun, B., Liu, W., Shi, Q., Cheng, S.Y., Chen, C., Chen, G., Li, Y. and Feng, H., 2021. KAT6A acetylation of SMAD3 regulates myeloid‐derived suppressor cell recruitment, metastasis, and immunotherapy in triple‐negative breast cancer. Advanced Science, 8(20), p.2100014.
15. Erker, C., Tamrazi, B., Poussaint, T.Y., Mueller, S., Mata-Mbemba, D., Franceschi, E., Brandes, A.A., Rao, A., Haworth, K.B., Wen, P.Y. and Goldman, S., 2020. Response assessment in pediatric high-grade glioma: recommendations from the Response Assessment in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology (RAPNO) working group. The Lancet Oncology, 21(6), pp.e317-e329.
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Published
Jan 01, 2025
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How to Cite
Niaz Ali, Sardar Ali, Said Ali Shah, Muhammad Shahid, & Mohammad Salman Ibrahim. (2025). ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY ON CHILDHOOD HEMATOLOGIC CANCERS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(1), 01-08. https://doi.org/10.53555/070y9e26
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Author Biographies
Niaz Ali
Fellow, Paediatrics Oncology, Shaukat khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital Lahore, Pakistan
Sardar Ali
Tehsil Head Quarter Hospital Kabal Swat, Pakistan.
Said Ali Shah
Fellow Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Paeds Gastro Unit Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Muhammad Shahid
Fellow Paeds Oncology, Shaukat khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital And Research Centre Lahore, Pakistan.
Mohammad Salman Ibrahim
Fellow, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Combined military Hospital,CMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan.How to Cite
Niaz Ali, Sardar Ali, Said Ali Shah, Muhammad Shahid, & Mohammad Salman Ibrahim. (2025). ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY ON CHILDHOOD HEMATOLOGIC CANCERS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(1), 01-08. https://doi.org/10.53555/070y9e26