ADVANCES IN HYPERTENSION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND TREATMENT APPROACHES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Hypertension, Inhibitors, Self-medication, Self-treatment
Abstract
Hypertension has an impact on people's everyday lives and is a chronic condition that is the leading cause of death and morbidity globally, as well as a substantial risk factor for heart disease, renal disease, and cerebrovascular illness. It also has a negative influence on life quality. According to WHO, hypertension is a significant cause of mortality in high-income countries, where it is still mostly underdiagnosed and undertreated. Hypertension is currently having a rising impact, particularly in low-income countries. Tentatively, 24% of men and 23% of women in the 20-70-year-old adult population had hypertension, which is assessed on the basis of reading higher than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg people are now taking antihypertensive drugs, either in combination probability being single throughout the conditional period. Over the last two decades, research on the genetics and pharmacogenomics of primary hypertension has yielded intriguing findings that point to the relevance of genetics, but no precise information that can be utilized to modify treatment. Traditional drugs used to treat hypertension include ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and renin inhibitors. There are several studies accessible, as well as ongoing research on hypertension treatment. A new medicine may greatly improve on presently available hypertension therapies, although it cannot cure hypertension entirely.All we can do is lower the risk factor by adjusting our eating and living habits. The current assessment focuses on how new technology and dedicational improvements might aid in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension.
References
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31. Anker, S. D., Butler, J., Filippatos, G., et al.. "Vericiguat in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction after worsening heart failure: a randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, event-driven trial." Lancet, 397(10271), 2021,154-164.
32. Armstrong, P. W., Pieske, B., Anstrom, K. J., et al. "Vericiguat in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction." The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), 2021:1883-1893.
33. Intengan HD, Schiffrin EL. “Vasopeptidases inhibition has potent effects on blood pressure and resistance arteries in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.” Hypertension 2000; 35:1221–1225.
34. Tabrizchi R. Omapatrilat. Bristol-Myers Squibb. “Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England: 2000).” 2001 1; 2(10):1414-22.
35. Ruilope LM, Dukat A, Bo¨hm M, Lacourcie`re Y, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP. “Blood pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and Neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study.” Lancet 2010; 375:1255–1266.
36. Gao Q, Xu L, and Cai J. “New drug targets for hypertension: A literature review.” Biochemical ET Biophysical Act: Molecular Basis of Disease. 2021; 1867(3):166037-166037.
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39. Kulemina LV, Ostrov DA. “Prediction of off-target effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.” J Biomol Screen. 2011; 16:878–885.
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44. R.M. Carey, H.M. Siragy,” Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation, Endocr.” Rev.2003; 261–271.
45. B.A. Kemp, N.L. Howell, S.R. Keller, J.J. Gildea, S.H. Padia, R.M. Carey, “AT2 receptor activation prevents sodium retention and reduces blood pressure in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension.” Circ. Res. 119:2016; 532–543.
46. Y. Wan, C. Wallinder, B. Plouffe, H. Beaudry, A.K. Maralinga, X. Wu, et al., “Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first selective non peptide AT2 receptor agonist.” J. Med. Chem. 47:2004; 5995–6008.
47. B.A. Kemp, N.L. Howell, J.J. Gildea, S.R. Keller, S.H. Padia, R.M. Carey, “AT2 receptor activation induces natriuretic and lowers blood pressure.” Circ. Res. 115:2014; 388–399.
48. L.C. Matavelli, J. Huang, H.M. Siragy, “Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation inhibits early renal inflammation in Reno vascular hypertension.” Hypertension 57:2011; 308–313.
49. Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, et al. “Use of prescription and over the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States.” JAMA 2008; 300: 2867–78.
50. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 “AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society.” J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63(25 Pt. B):2985–3023.
51. Sacks FM, Rosner B, Kass EH. “Blood pressure in vegetarians.” Am J Epidemiology 1974; 100:390–398
52. Brown MJ, Coltart J, Gunewardena K, Ritter JM, Auton TR, Glover JF. “Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of an angiotensin immunotherapeutic vaccine (PMD3117) in hypertensive subjects.” Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107: 167–173.
2. Armstrong C., Joint National Committee. JNC8 guidelines for the management of hypertension in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014 01;90(7):503 4.
3. Messerli FH, Bangalore S. Antihypertensive efficacy of aliskiren: is hydrochlorothiazide an appropriate benchmark? Circulation. 2009 27;119(3):371-3.
4. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241United Nations (2015). World Popu lation Prospects: The 2015 119(3):371-3
5. The prevalence of high blood pressure among U.S. adults by age and sex. (Source: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics–2020 Update: A report from the American Heart Association) 119(3):371-3.
6. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Pro spective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of indi vidual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;14;360(9349):1903–13.
7. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241United Nations (2015). World Popu lation Prospects: The 2015. 47, 20–33.
8. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:223–37.
9. Muntner P, Carey RM, Giddiong S, Jones DW, Taler SJ, Wright JT Jr, Whelton PK. Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC/ AHA high blood pressure guideline. Circulation. 2018;137:109–18.
10. Dzau,V.J.; Balatbat, C.A. Future of Hypertension. Hypertension 2019, 74, 450–457.
11. DiMasi, J.A.; Grabowski, H.G.; Hansen, R.W. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs. J. Health Econ. 2016, 47, 20–33.
12. Hunter, P.G.; FChapman, A.; Dhaun, N. Hypertension: Current trends and future perspectives. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2021, 87, 3721–3736.
13. Parati, G.; Stergiou, G.; O’Brien, E.; Asmar, R.; Beilin, L.; Bilo, G.; Clement, D.; de la Sierra, A.; de Leeuw, P.; Dolan, E.; et al. European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J. Hypertens. 2014, 32, 1359–1366.
14. Stergiou, G.S.; Palatini, P.; Parati, G.; O’Brien, E.; Januszewicz, A.; Lurbe, E.; Persu, A.; Mancia, G.; Kreutz, R.C.; European Society of Hypertension Council and the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. 2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement. J. Hypertens. 2021, 39, 1293–1302.
15. Koren, G.; Nordon, G.; Radinsky, K.; Shalev, V. Machine learning of big data in gaining insight into successful treatment of hypertension. Pharmacol. Res. Perspect. 2018, 6, e00396.
16. Madhurantakam, S.; Babu, K.J.; Rayappan, J.B.B.; Krishnan, U.M. Nanotechnology-based electrochemical detection strategies for hypertension markers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 116, 67–80.
17. Park, S.H.; Zhang, Y.; Rogers, J.A.; Gallon, L. Recent advances of biosensors for hypertension and nephrology. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2019, 28, 390–396.
18. Farhadi F, Aliyari R, Ebrahimi H, Hashemi H, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. Prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and its associated factors in 50–74 years old Iranian adults: a population based study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023;23:318.
19. Carey RM, Wright JT, Taler SJ, Whelton PK. Guideline-driven management of hypertension. Circ Res 2021;128:827-46.
20. Antonakoudis G, Poulimenos L, Kifnidis K, Zouras C, Antonakoudis H. Blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction. Hippokratia 2007;11:114-9.
21. Yaxley JP, Thambar SV. Resistant hypertension: an approach to management in primary care. J Fam Med Prim Care 2015;4:193-9.
22. Dhillon S. Aprocitentan: first approval. Drugs. doi:2021, 10.1007/s40265 024-02053-0.
23. Freeman BD, Machado FS, Tanowitz HB, Desruisseaux MS. Endothelin-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2014;118:110-9.
24. US FDA. FDA label for Aprocitentan. 2024. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/ 217686s000lbl.pdf 2024 .
25. Balavoine, F., Azizi, M., Blanchard, A., et al. "Firibastat, a First-in-Class Brain Aminopeptidase A Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Hypertension in Patients of Black African Ancestry: Results of the Phase IIb NEW-HOPE Study." Circulation, 140(15),2019 1289–1297. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041062.
26. Azizi, M., Rossignol, P., and Girerd, X. "Aminopeptidase A inhibitors: a new strategy for the treatment of hypertension." Journal of Hypertension, 2020 38(5), 911–917. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002356.
27. Khosla J, Aronow WS, Frishman WH. Firibastat: an oral first-in-class brain aminopeptidase A inhibitor for systemic hypertension. Cardiology in Review. 2022 1;30(1):50-5.
28. Khosla, Jagjit, Wilbert S. Aronow, and William H. Frishman. "Firibastat: an oral first-in-class brain aminopeptidase A inhibitor for systemic hypertension." Cardiology in Review 30, no. 1 2022: 50-55.
29. Gras J. Firibastat. Brain aminopeptidase A inhibitor, Treatment of difficult-to-treat or resistant hypertension, Treatment of heart failure. Drugs of the Future. 2022 1;46(2).
30. Saha SK, Moni TT, Kadir MR. The Long-Term Effects of Olmesartan Combined Amlodipine among Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital–A Retrospective Study. Saudi J Med. 2024;9(2):41-7.
31. Anker, S. D., Butler, J., Filippatos, G., et al.. "Vericiguat in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction after worsening heart failure: a randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, event-driven trial." Lancet, 397(10271), 2021,154-164.
32. Armstrong, P. W., Pieske, B., Anstrom, K. J., et al. "Vericiguat in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction." The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), 2021:1883-1893.
33. Intengan HD, Schiffrin EL. “Vasopeptidases inhibition has potent effects on blood pressure and resistance arteries in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.” Hypertension 2000; 35:1221–1225.
34. Tabrizchi R. Omapatrilat. Bristol-Myers Squibb. “Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England: 2000).” 2001 1; 2(10):1414-22.
35. Ruilope LM, Dukat A, Bo¨hm M, Lacourcie`re Y, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP. “Blood pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and Neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study.” Lancet 2010; 375:1255–1266.
36. Gao Q, Xu L, and Cai J. “New drug targets for hypertension: A literature review.” Biochemical ET Biophysical Act: Molecular Basis of Disease. 2021; 1867(3):166037-166037.
37. Ocaranza MP, Moya J, Barrientos V, et al. “Angiotensin-(1-9) reverses experimental hypertension and cardiovascular damage by inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme/Ang II axis.” J hypertension. 2014; 32:771– 783.
38. Ferreira AJ, Shenoy V, Qi Y, Fraga-Silva RA, Santos RA, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activation protects against hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis involving extracellular signal-regulated kinases.” Exp Physiol. 2011; 96:287–294.
39. Kulemina LV, Ostrov DA. “Prediction of off-target effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.” J Biomol Screen. 2011; 16:878–885.
40. Ferreira AJ, Shenoy V, Yamazato Y, Sriramula S, Francis J, Yuan L, Castellanos RK, Ostrov DA, Oh SP, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. “Evidence for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for the prevention of pulmonary hypertension.” Am J Respire Crit Care Med. 2009; 179:1048–1054.
41. Haschke M, Schuster M, Poglitsch M, Loibner H, Salzburg M, Bruggisser M, Penninger J, Krähenbühl S. “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects.” Clin Pharmacokinetic. 2013; 52:783–792.
42. Petty WJ, Miller AA, McCoy TP, Gallagher PE, Tallant EA, Torti FM. “Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of angiotensin-(1-7), an endogenous antiangiogenic hormone.” Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15:7398–7404.
43. Kluskens LD, Nelemans SA, Rink R, de Vries L, Meter-Arkema A, Wang Y, Walther T, Kuipers A, Moll GN, Haas M. “Angiotensin-(1-7) with together bridge: an angiotensin-converting enzyme-resistant, potent angiotensin-(1-7) analogy.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009; 328:849–854.
44. R.M. Carey, H.M. Siragy,” Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation, Endocr.” Rev.2003; 261–271.
45. B.A. Kemp, N.L. Howell, S.R. Keller, J.J. Gildea, S.H. Padia, R.M. Carey, “AT2 receptor activation prevents sodium retention and reduces blood pressure in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension.” Circ. Res. 119:2016; 532–543.
46. Y. Wan, C. Wallinder, B. Plouffe, H. Beaudry, A.K. Maralinga, X. Wu, et al., “Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first selective non peptide AT2 receptor agonist.” J. Med. Chem. 47:2004; 5995–6008.
47. B.A. Kemp, N.L. Howell, J.J. Gildea, S.R. Keller, S.H. Padia, R.M. Carey, “AT2 receptor activation induces natriuretic and lowers blood pressure.” Circ. Res. 115:2014; 388–399.
48. L.C. Matavelli, J. Huang, H.M. Siragy, “Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation inhibits early renal inflammation in Reno vascular hypertension.” Hypertension 57:2011; 308–313.
49. Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, et al. “Use of prescription and over the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States.” JAMA 2008; 300: 2867–78.
50. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 “AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society.” J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63(25 Pt. B):2985–3023.
51. Sacks FM, Rosner B, Kass EH. “Blood pressure in vegetarians.” Am J Epidemiology 1974; 100:390–398
52. Brown MJ, Coltart J, Gunewardena K, Ritter JM, Auton TR, Glover JF. “Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of an angiotensin immunotherapeutic vaccine (PMD3117) in hypertensive subjects.” Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107: 167–173.
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Dec 11, 2024
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Jay Patel, Dr. Nishkruti Mehta, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2024). ADVANCES IN HYPERTENSION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND TREATMENT APPROACHES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(11), 1068-1079. https://doi.org/10.53555/j7998668
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Author Biographies
Jay Patel
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Nishkruti Mehta
Associate Professor, Head of the Pharmacology department, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Principal, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
How to Cite
Jay Patel, Dr. Nishkruti Mehta, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2024). ADVANCES IN HYPERTENSION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND TREATMENT APPROACHES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(11), 1068-1079. https://doi.org/10.53555/j7998668