Na+/H+ANTIPORTER OVEREXPRESSION FOR DEVELOPING SALT TOLERANCE IN PLANTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Antiporter, NHX1, Transgenic Plants, Salt Tolerance, Abiotic Stress
Abstract
Na+/H+ antiporter play a major role in pH and Na+ homeostasis of cells throughout the biological kingdom, including bacteria, algae, fungi, worms, higher plants, and mammals, including humans. Plant vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter have been shown to play important roles in cellular ion homeostasis, including the sequestration of Na+ ions into the vacuole, and vacuolar pH regulation. Over-expression of AtNHX1 and homologues from other plants has been shown to confer significant salt tolerance in a variety of plant species as a result of increased vacuolar sequestration of sodium ions. One possible mechanism by which plants could survive salt stress is to compartmentalize sodium ions away from the cytosol. Both the literature and public databases contain the data of many plant antiporters and their over-expression studies in model and crop plants improved salt tolerance in plants. The current review projects on transgenic plants with salt tolerance reported so far with over-expression of Na+/H+ antiporter under constitutive and inducible promoters and it sheds light on various antiporters which developed resistance to salt. Phylogenetic studies of various NHX1 revealed their close relativeness among all the antiporters reported so far. From the current review, scientists can pick up closely related families for overexpression of antiporter genes to generate transgenic plants resistance to salt for improving yield of crop and ornamental plants as well.
References
1. An B,Yan L, Rui LJ, Wei-Hua Q,Xian-Sheng Z and and Xin-Qi G (2008) Expression of a Vacuolar Na+/H+ Antiporter Gene of Alfalfa Enhances Salinity Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Acta Agron Sin, 34(4): 557–564.
2. Apse M.P. and Blumwald E. 2002 “Engineering salt tolerance in plants”. Curr. Opin. in Bi ech ot ., Vol. 13, pp. 146-150.
3. Apse MP, Aharon GS, Snedden WA, Blumwald E (1999) Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 285: 1256-1258
4. Bohnert H.J., Ayoubi P., Borchert C., Bressan R.A., Burnap R.L., Cushman J.C. et al., 2001 “A genomics approach towards salt stress tolerance”. Plant Physiol.Biochem., Vol. 39, pp. 295-311.
5. Brini F, Hanin M, Mezghani I, Berkowitz GA and Masmoudi K (2007) Overexpression of wheat Na+/H+ antiporter TNHX1 and H+-pyrophosphatase TVP1 improve salt- and drought-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 58(2): 301–308.
6. Chen H, An R, Tang JH, Cui XH, Hao FS, Jia C, Wang XC (2007) Over-expression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene improves salt tolerance in upland rice. Molecular Breeding 9:215–225
7. Chen L, Zhang B and Xu Z (2008) Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of Arabidopsis vacuolar Na(+)/H (+) antiporter gene AtNHX1 in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum).Transgenic Res 17:121–132
8. Chen T.H.H. and Murata N. 2002 “Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes”. Cur. Opin. in Plant Biol., Vol. 5, pp. 250-257.
9. Cuartero J, Fernandez-Muñoz R (1999) Tomato and salinity. Sci. Hortic. 78: 83–125
10. Duan XG, Song YJ, Yang AF and Zhang JR (2009) The transgene pyramiding tobacco with betaine synthesis and heterologous expression of AtNHX1 is more tolerant to salt stress than either of the tobacco lines with betaine synthesis or AtNHX1. Physiologia Plantarum 135: 281–295.
11. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F. And Yeo, A.R. (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 28: 89-121.
12. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F. And Yeo, A.R. (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 28: 89-121.
13. Fukuda A, Nakamura A, Tagiri A et al (2004) Function, intracellular localization and the importance in salt tolerance of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter from rice. Plant Cell Physiol 45:146–159
14. Glenn, E., Brown, J.J. And Blumwald, E. (1999). Salt-tolerant mechanisms and crop potential of halophyes. Critical Reviews Plant Science, 18: 227-255
15. He C, Shen G, Pasapula V, Luo J, Venkataramani S, Qiu X, Kuppu S, Kornyeyev D, Holaday A, Auld D, Blumwald E, and H. Zhang (2007) Ectopic Expression of AtNHX1 in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Increases Proline Content and Enhances Photosynthesis under Salt Stress Conditions The Journal of Cotton Science 11:266–274
16. Li J, Jiang G, Huang P, Ma J and Zhang F (2007) Overexpression of the Na+/H+ antiporter gene from Suaeda salsa confers cold and salt tolerance to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 90:41–48
17. Lu SY, Jing YX, Shen SH, Zhao HY, Ma LQ, Zhou XJ, et al. Antiporter gene from Hordum brevisubulatum (Trin.) link and its overexpression in transgenic tobaccos. J Integr Plant Biol 2005;47:343–9.
18. Mamidala P (2006) Engineering abiotic stress resistance in cultivated tomato. PhD thesis dissertation. Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
19. Niu X, Narasimhan ML, Salzman RA, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM (1993) NaCl regulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene expression in a glycophyte and a halophyte. Plant Physiol. 103: 713–718
20. Ohta M, Hayashi Y, Nakashima A, Hamada A, Tanaka A, Nakamura T, et al. Introduction of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene from the halophyte Atriplex gmelini confers salttolerance to rice. FEBS Lett 2002;532:279–82.
21. Qiao WH, Zhao XY, LiW, Luo Y and Zhang XS (2007) Overexpression of AeNHX1, a root-specific vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter from Agropyron elongatum, confers salt tolerance to Arabidopsis and Festuca plants. Plant Cell Rep 26:1663–1672
22. Rajagopal D, Agarwal P, Tyagi W, Singla-Pareek SL, Reddy MK and Sopory SK (2007) Pennisetum glaucum Na+/H+ antiporter confers high level of salinity tolerance in transgenic Brassica juncea Molecular Breeding 19:137–151
23. Rhoades J.D. and Loveday J. 1990 “Salinity in irrigated agriculture”. American Soc. of Civil Engin., pp. 1089-1142.
24. Sairam RK, Tyagi A (2004) Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Current Science 86: 407-421
25. Shi, H., Ishitani, M., Kim, C., And Zhu, Jk (2000) The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 97: 6896-6901.
26. Shi, H.Z, Lee, B.H, Wu, S.J. And Zhu, J.K. (2003) Overexpression of a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Biotechnol,. 21: 81-85
27. Shinozaki, K And Shinozaki, Y. (1997). Gene expression and signal transduction in water stress response. Plant Physiol 115:327-334.
28. Soliman MH; Hanaa S. Omar ; Mohamed A. El-Awady ; Sallah Al-Assal and Abd Alkader Y. Gamal El-Din (2009) Transformation and expression of Na+/H+antiporter vacuolar (AtNHX1) gene in tobacco plants under salt stress Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 12, No. (1):99-108.
29. Sun Y, Wang D, Bai Y, Wang N and Wang Y (2006) Studies on the overspression of soybean GmNHX1 in Lotus corniculatus: The reduced Na+ level is the basis of the increased salt tolerance Chinese Science Bulletin 2006 Vol. 51 No. 11 1306—1315
30. Tarczynski MC, Jensen RG, Bohnert HJ (1993) Stress protection of transgenic tobacco by production of the osmolyte mannitol. Science 259: 508-510
31. Tialhun, A., Arron, C.G., Martin, B., And Cushman, C.J. (2003). Tolerance of Mannitol accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and salinity Plant Physiol, 131: 1748-1755.
32. Tian L, Huang C, Yu R, Liang R, Li Z, Zhang L, et al. Overexpression AtNHX1 confers salt tolerance of transgenic tall fescue. Afr J Biotechnol 2006;5:1041–4.
33. U.S. Census Bureau - World POPClock Projection (2009 September 30) http://www.census.gov/ipc/ www/popclockworld.html
34. Verma D, Singla-Pareek SL, Rajagopal D, Reddy MK and Sopory SK (2007) Functional validation of a novel isoform of Na+/H+ antiporter from Pennisetum glaucum for enhancing salinity tolerance in rice. J. Biosci. 32(3): 621–628.
35. Wang J, Zuo K, Wu W, Song J, Sun X, Lin J, Li X and Tang K (2004) Expression of a novel antiporter gene from Brassica napus resulted in enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants Biologia Plantarum 48 (4): 509-515.
36. Wu YY, Chen QJ, Chen M, Chen J, Wang XC. Salt-tolerant transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene. Plant Sci 2005;169:65–73.
37. Xu K, Hong P,Luo L and Xia T (2009) Overexpression of AtNHX1, a Vacuolar Na+/H+ Antiporter from Arabidopsis thalina, in Petunia hybrid Enhances Salt and Drought Tolerance J. Plant Biol. 52, 453–461
38. Xue ZY, Zhi DY, Xue GP, Zhao YX, Xia GM. Enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) expressing a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene with improved grain yield in saline soils in the field and a reduced level of leaf Na+. Plant Sci 2004;167:849–59.
39. Xue ZY, Zhi DY, Xue GP, Zhao YX, Xia GM. Enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) expressing a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene with improved grain yield in saline soils in the field and a reduced level of leaf Na+. Plant Sci 2004;167:849–59.
40. Yang AF, Duan XG, Gu XF, Gao F and Zhang JR(2005) Efficient transformation of beet (Beta vulgaris) and production of plants with improved salt-tolerance Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 83: 259–270
41. Yeo, A.R., Yeo, M.E., Flowers, S.A. And Flowers, T.J. (1988). Screening of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for physiological characters contributing to salinity resistance, and their relationship to overall performance. Theor. Appl. Genet., 79: 377–384
42. Yin XY, Yang AF, Zhang KW, Zhang JR (2004) Production and analysis of transgenic maize improved salt tolerance by the introduction of AtNHX1 gene. Acta Bot Sin 46:854–861
43. Zhang HX, Blumwald E. Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit. Nat Biotechnol 2001;19:765–8.
44. Zhang HX, Hodson JN,Williams JP, Blumwald E. Engineering salt-tolerant Brassica plants: characterization of yield and seed oil quality in transgenic plants with increased vacuolar sodium accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98: 12832–6.
45. Zhang, J.-L. Wang, L. Wang, D. Zhang, J.-W. Chen, Z.-H. (2007) Generation of Transgenic Potato Plants Harboring At-NHX1 Gene Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
46. Zhao F, Zhang X, Li PH, Zhao Y and Zhang H (2006) Co-expression of the Suaeda salsa SsNHX1 and Arabidopsis AVP1 confer greater salt tolerance to transgenic rice than the single SsNHX1 Molecular Breeding
47. Zhao YW, Huai Yu Bu, Jian Gao Hao, Ying Juan Wang, Jing Fen Jia. Transformation of Astragalus melilotoides Pall with AtNHX1 gene and the expression of salinity tolerance of transformants Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2008 Jun;41(3): 213-21
48. Zhou S, Chen X, Zhang X and Li Y (2008) Improved salt tolerance in tobacco plants by co-transformation of a betaine synthesis gene BADH and a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene SeNHX1 Biotechnology Letters 30(2):369-376
49. Zhu, J.K. (2001). Plant Salt Tolerance. Trends in Plant Sciences, 6(2 ): 66-71
2. Apse M.P. and Blumwald E. 2002 “Engineering salt tolerance in plants”. Curr. Opin. in Bi ech ot ., Vol. 13, pp. 146-150.
3. Apse MP, Aharon GS, Snedden WA, Blumwald E (1999) Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 285: 1256-1258
4. Bohnert H.J., Ayoubi P., Borchert C., Bressan R.A., Burnap R.L., Cushman J.C. et al., 2001 “A genomics approach towards salt stress tolerance”. Plant Physiol.Biochem., Vol. 39, pp. 295-311.
5. Brini F, Hanin M, Mezghani I, Berkowitz GA and Masmoudi K (2007) Overexpression of wheat Na+/H+ antiporter TNHX1 and H+-pyrophosphatase TVP1 improve salt- and drought-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 58(2): 301–308.
6. Chen H, An R, Tang JH, Cui XH, Hao FS, Jia C, Wang XC (2007) Over-expression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene improves salt tolerance in upland rice. Molecular Breeding 9:215–225
7. Chen L, Zhang B and Xu Z (2008) Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of Arabidopsis vacuolar Na(+)/H (+) antiporter gene AtNHX1 in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum).Transgenic Res 17:121–132
8. Chen T.H.H. and Murata N. 2002 “Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes”. Cur. Opin. in Plant Biol., Vol. 5, pp. 250-257.
9. Cuartero J, Fernandez-Muñoz R (1999) Tomato and salinity. Sci. Hortic. 78: 83–125
10. Duan XG, Song YJ, Yang AF and Zhang JR (2009) The transgene pyramiding tobacco with betaine synthesis and heterologous expression of AtNHX1 is more tolerant to salt stress than either of the tobacco lines with betaine synthesis or AtNHX1. Physiologia Plantarum 135: 281–295.
11. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F. And Yeo, A.R. (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 28: 89-121.
12. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F. And Yeo, A.R. (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 28: 89-121.
13. Fukuda A, Nakamura A, Tagiri A et al (2004) Function, intracellular localization and the importance in salt tolerance of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter from rice. Plant Cell Physiol 45:146–159
14. Glenn, E., Brown, J.J. And Blumwald, E. (1999). Salt-tolerant mechanisms and crop potential of halophyes. Critical Reviews Plant Science, 18: 227-255
15. He C, Shen G, Pasapula V, Luo J, Venkataramani S, Qiu X, Kuppu S, Kornyeyev D, Holaday A, Auld D, Blumwald E, and H. Zhang (2007) Ectopic Expression of AtNHX1 in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Increases Proline Content and Enhances Photosynthesis under Salt Stress Conditions The Journal of Cotton Science 11:266–274
16. Li J, Jiang G, Huang P, Ma J and Zhang F (2007) Overexpression of the Na+/H+ antiporter gene from Suaeda salsa confers cold and salt tolerance to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 90:41–48
17. Lu SY, Jing YX, Shen SH, Zhao HY, Ma LQ, Zhou XJ, et al. Antiporter gene from Hordum brevisubulatum (Trin.) link and its overexpression in transgenic tobaccos. J Integr Plant Biol 2005;47:343–9.
18. Mamidala P (2006) Engineering abiotic stress resistance in cultivated tomato. PhD thesis dissertation. Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
19. Niu X, Narasimhan ML, Salzman RA, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM (1993) NaCl regulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene expression in a glycophyte and a halophyte. Plant Physiol. 103: 713–718
20. Ohta M, Hayashi Y, Nakashima A, Hamada A, Tanaka A, Nakamura T, et al. Introduction of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene from the halophyte Atriplex gmelini confers salttolerance to rice. FEBS Lett 2002;532:279–82.
21. Qiao WH, Zhao XY, LiW, Luo Y and Zhang XS (2007) Overexpression of AeNHX1, a root-specific vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter from Agropyron elongatum, confers salt tolerance to Arabidopsis and Festuca plants. Plant Cell Rep 26:1663–1672
22. Rajagopal D, Agarwal P, Tyagi W, Singla-Pareek SL, Reddy MK and Sopory SK (2007) Pennisetum glaucum Na+/H+ antiporter confers high level of salinity tolerance in transgenic Brassica juncea Molecular Breeding 19:137–151
23. Rhoades J.D. and Loveday J. 1990 “Salinity in irrigated agriculture”. American Soc. of Civil Engin., pp. 1089-1142.
24. Sairam RK, Tyagi A (2004) Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Current Science 86: 407-421
25. Shi, H., Ishitani, M., Kim, C., And Zhu, Jk (2000) The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 97: 6896-6901.
26. Shi, H.Z, Lee, B.H, Wu, S.J. And Zhu, J.K. (2003) Overexpression of a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Biotechnol,. 21: 81-85
27. Shinozaki, K And Shinozaki, Y. (1997). Gene expression and signal transduction in water stress response. Plant Physiol 115:327-334.
28. Soliman MH; Hanaa S. Omar ; Mohamed A. El-Awady ; Sallah Al-Assal and Abd Alkader Y. Gamal El-Din (2009) Transformation and expression of Na+/H+antiporter vacuolar (AtNHX1) gene in tobacco plants under salt stress Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 12, No. (1):99-108.
29. Sun Y, Wang D, Bai Y, Wang N and Wang Y (2006) Studies on the overspression of soybean GmNHX1 in Lotus corniculatus: The reduced Na+ level is the basis of the increased salt tolerance Chinese Science Bulletin 2006 Vol. 51 No. 11 1306—1315
30. Tarczynski MC, Jensen RG, Bohnert HJ (1993) Stress protection of transgenic tobacco by production of the osmolyte mannitol. Science 259: 508-510
31. Tialhun, A., Arron, C.G., Martin, B., And Cushman, C.J. (2003). Tolerance of Mannitol accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and salinity Plant Physiol, 131: 1748-1755.
32. Tian L, Huang C, Yu R, Liang R, Li Z, Zhang L, et al. Overexpression AtNHX1 confers salt tolerance of transgenic tall fescue. Afr J Biotechnol 2006;5:1041–4.
33. U.S. Census Bureau - World POPClock Projection (2009 September 30) http://www.census.gov/ipc/ www/popclockworld.html
34. Verma D, Singla-Pareek SL, Rajagopal D, Reddy MK and Sopory SK (2007) Functional validation of a novel isoform of Na+/H+ antiporter from Pennisetum glaucum for enhancing salinity tolerance in rice. J. Biosci. 32(3): 621–628.
35. Wang J, Zuo K, Wu W, Song J, Sun X, Lin J, Li X and Tang K (2004) Expression of a novel antiporter gene from Brassica napus resulted in enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants Biologia Plantarum 48 (4): 509-515.
36. Wu YY, Chen QJ, Chen M, Chen J, Wang XC. Salt-tolerant transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene. Plant Sci 2005;169:65–73.
37. Xu K, Hong P,Luo L and Xia T (2009) Overexpression of AtNHX1, a Vacuolar Na+/H+ Antiporter from Arabidopsis thalina, in Petunia hybrid Enhances Salt and Drought Tolerance J. Plant Biol. 52, 453–461
38. Xue ZY, Zhi DY, Xue GP, Zhao YX, Xia GM. Enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) expressing a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene with improved grain yield in saline soils in the field and a reduced level of leaf Na+. Plant Sci 2004;167:849–59.
39. Xue ZY, Zhi DY, Xue GP, Zhao YX, Xia GM. Enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) expressing a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene with improved grain yield in saline soils in the field and a reduced level of leaf Na+. Plant Sci 2004;167:849–59.
40. Yang AF, Duan XG, Gu XF, Gao F and Zhang JR(2005) Efficient transformation of beet (Beta vulgaris) and production of plants with improved salt-tolerance Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 83: 259–270
41. Yeo, A.R., Yeo, M.E., Flowers, S.A. And Flowers, T.J. (1988). Screening of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for physiological characters contributing to salinity resistance, and their relationship to overall performance. Theor. Appl. Genet., 79: 377–384
42. Yin XY, Yang AF, Zhang KW, Zhang JR (2004) Production and analysis of transgenic maize improved salt tolerance by the introduction of AtNHX1 gene. Acta Bot Sin 46:854–861
43. Zhang HX, Blumwald E. Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit. Nat Biotechnol 2001;19:765–8.
44. Zhang HX, Hodson JN,Williams JP, Blumwald E. Engineering salt-tolerant Brassica plants: characterization of yield and seed oil quality in transgenic plants with increased vacuolar sodium accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98: 12832–6.
45. Zhang, J.-L. Wang, L. Wang, D. Zhang, J.-W. Chen, Z.-H. (2007) Generation of Transgenic Potato Plants Harboring At-NHX1 Gene Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
46. Zhao F, Zhang X, Li PH, Zhao Y and Zhang H (2006) Co-expression of the Suaeda salsa SsNHX1 and Arabidopsis AVP1 confer greater salt tolerance to transgenic rice than the single SsNHX1 Molecular Breeding
47. Zhao YW, Huai Yu Bu, Jian Gao Hao, Ying Juan Wang, Jing Fen Jia. Transformation of Astragalus melilotoides Pall with AtNHX1 gene and the expression of salinity tolerance of transformants Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2008 Jun;41(3): 213-21
48. Zhou S, Chen X, Zhang X and Li Y (2008) Improved salt tolerance in tobacco plants by co-transformation of a betaine synthesis gene BADH and a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene SeNHX1 Biotechnology Letters 30(2):369-376
49. Zhu, J.K. (2001). Plant Salt Tolerance. Trends in Plant Sciences, 6(2 ): 66-71
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 15, 2015
Article Details
How to Cite
Praveen Mamidala. (2015). Na+/H+ANTIPORTER OVEREXPRESSION FOR DEVELOPING SALT TOLERANCE IN PLANTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 22(1), 146-158. https://doi.org/10.53555/qw02kq37
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biography
Praveen Mamidala
Department of Biotechnology, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizambad,
Telangana 503322, India.
How to Cite
Praveen Mamidala. (2015). Na+/H+ANTIPORTER OVEREXPRESSION FOR DEVELOPING SALT TOLERANCE IN PLANTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 22(1), 146-158. https://doi.org/10.53555/qw02kq37