EVALUATING THE ANTI-ALZHEIMER POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS PLANTS’S EXTRACTS AND THEIR FRACTIONS THROUGH MODULATION OF INSULIN FIBRILLATION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Alzheimer disease, Curcuma longa, Amyloid fibril, Insulin fibrillation, Plants extracts, Thin layer chromatography, ThT assay, Medicinal plants
Abstract
Background: The susceptibility of protein structures to form aggregates under unsuitable conditions from their native state gives rise to various diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. In the brain, the conversion of protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s pathology; therefore, suppressing amyloid fibril formation is the best approach for treating Alzheimer’s disease. The suppression of fibril formation and blockage of fibril aggregation are therapeutic approaches to combat such neurological diseases. Three plants—Curcuma longa (Haldi), Emblica officinalis (Amla), and Piper nigrum (black pepper)—have been commonly utilized to prevent and treat various diseases for centuries. The goal of this research is to determine and correlate anti-insulin fibrillation, as well as to correlate the anti-Alzheimer’s potential of phytochemicals from crude methanolic extracts and their fractions of the three selected plants.
Methodology: Dried plant materials were extracted in methanol for 22 days. After filtration,the methanol was evaporated using a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to obtain crude extracts. These extracts were then fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure. Primary screening for bioactive compounds was performed using TLC, and anti-insulin fibrillation activity was assessed using the Thioflavin T assay, with insulin as a model protein.
Results: According to TLC analysis using the ethyl acetate solvent system, all three plants showed active components, while using the methanol solvent system, all three plants showed active components except crude methanolic extract of Piper nigrum. In the hexane solvent system, only the crude methanolic extract of Curcuma longa and its hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed active components, while in the chloroform solvent system, Emblica officinalis did not show any active components. According to the Thioflavin T assay, the crude methanolic extract of Curcuma longa exhibited the highest activity, with IC50 values of 0.55 µg/ml, whereas the ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma longa showed the lowest activity, with an IC50 value of 41.52 µg/ml against insulin fibrillation.
Conclusion: Based on TLC and ThT assay results, our findings demonstrate that the crude methanolic extract of Curcuma longa suppresses amyloid formation and exhibits enhanced potential compared to the other plants tested in this study, suggesting its potential in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Sumaira
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Mansoor Ahmed
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Syed Abid Ali
HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
Sohail Hassan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Rameez Raja
HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
Muneeza Lodhi
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Najia Mansoor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.