URINARY INCONTINENCE AND URINARY TRACT INFECTION: TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Urinary Incontinence, Urinary Tract Infection, Post menopause
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) are two relatable but distinct conditions that have a high prevalence and impose a great impact on the quality of life for older women.Throughout the process of aging, particularly when moving from premenopausal to postmenopausal status, the female body has remarkable physiological and hormonal changes that render women vulnerable to such urological complications.
Objective: To find out how urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections among postmenopausal women
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetric and Gynaecology Department, Unit 2, Lady Willingdon Hospital, Khairpur Mir from Oct 1, 2023, to March 1, 2024. Data from 200 postmenopausal women aged 50 years and above were retrospectively collected, focusing on those with urinary incontinence (UI), urinary tract infections (UTIs), or both. The study included women with complete medical records, excluding those with prior urological surgeries or neurogenic bladder disorders. The data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics and various tests to explore the relationship between UI and UTIs.
Results: Stress UI was the most common (41%), followed by urgency UI (34.5%) and mixed UI (24.5%). UTIs were present in 76% of participants, with 46% experiencing recurrent UTIs. Urgency UI was significantly associated with UTIs (p = 0.032), and comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension also showed significant associations with UTIs. However, there was no significant difference in the severity of UI between women with and without UTIs.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the strong temporal relationship between urinary incontinence (UI) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) in postmenopausal women, with urgency UI showing a particularly significant association with recurrent UTIs. The presence of comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension further exacerbates this relationship. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions addressing both UI and underlying comorbidities to mitigate UTI risks, thereby improving the quality of life for postmenopausal women.
References
2. Kirk JS. Urinary Incontinence in the Pre-Menopausal Woman and Impact on Quality of Life: Molloy University; 2022.
3. Hernández-Hernández D, Padilla-Fernández B, Ortega-González MY, Castro-Díaz DM. Recurrent urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports. 2021:1-12.
4. Mohamed S, Hassan H, Omran A, Ramadan E. Effect of Urinary Incontinence on Women's Physical Condition. Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Reports. 2024;5(2):1-5.
5. Gambacciani M, Russo E, Guevara M, Simoncini T. Pelvic floor, urinary problems and the menopause. Managing the Menopause. 2020:112.
6. Nambiar AK, Arlandis S, Bø K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini E, de Heide M, et al. European association of urology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of female non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. Part 1: diagnostics, overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and mixed urinary incontinence. European urology. 2022;82(1):49-59.
7. Anand A, Khan SM, Khan AA. Stress urinary incontinence in females. Diagnosis and treatment modalities–past, present and the future. Journal of Clinical Urology. 2023;16(6):622-30.
8. Abdelmoteleb H, Aiello M, Drake M, Everaert K, Fonseca RR, Goessaert A-S, et al. The lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Adults: A Clinical Approach. 2020:19-38.
9. Czajkowski K, Broś-Konopielko M, Teliga-Czajkowska J. Urinary tract infection in women. Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny. 2021;20(1):40-7.
10. Das S, Bhattacharjee MJ, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Recent advances in understanding of multifaceted changes in the vaginal microenvironment: implications in vaginal health and therapeutics. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2023;49(2):256-82.
11. Lewis AL, Gilbert NM. Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models. GMS infectious diseases. 2020;8.
12. Sher EK, Džidić-Krivić A, Sesar A, Farhat EK, Čeliković A, Beća-Zećo M, et al. Current state and novel outlook on prevention and treatment of rising antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2024:108688.
13. Trześniewska-Ofiara Z, Mendrycka M, Woźniak-Kosek A. Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne. 2024;40(2):208-15.
14. Aggarwal N, Leslie S, Lotfollahzadeh S. Recurrent urinary tract infections. StatPearls. 2024.
15. Mahjoob DM, Janssen JM, van Koeveringe GA, Leue C, van Osch FH, Vrijens DM. Psychiatric disorders in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A systematic review including a subgroup meta-analysis on the association between LUTS and depressive symptoms. Continence. 2023;6:100589.
16. Abufaraj M, Xu T, Cao C, Siyam A, Isleem U, Massad A, et al. Prevalence and trends in urinary incontinence among women in the United States, 2005–2018. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2021;225(2):166. e1-. e12.
17. Xie L, Yu Z, Gao F. Associations between bacterial vaginosis and urgency urinary incontinence in women: an analysis of Nhanes 2001 to 2004. Urology. 2022;170:78-82.
18. Roberts K, Mahajan S. Management of urgency and mixed urinary incontinence. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2021;64(2):306-13.
19. Lin Y-H, Lin C-H, Huang Y-Y, Tai A-S, Fu S-C, Chen S-T, et al. Risk factors of first and recurrent genitourinary tract infection in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2 inhibitors: A retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2022;186:109816.
20. Paudel S, John PP, Poorbaghi SL, Randis TM, Kulkarni R. Systematic review of literature examining bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2022;2022(1):3588297.
21. Vaughan CP, Markland AD. Urinary incontinence in women. Annals of internal medicine. 2020;172(3):ITC17-ITC32.
22. Ke Q-S, Lee C-L, Kuo H-C. Recurrent urinary tract infection in women and overactive bladder–Is there a relationship? Tzu Chi Medical Journal. 2021;33(1):13-21.
23. Pereira TA, D'ancona CA, Cândido EC, Achermann AP, Chaim EA. Prevalence of LUTS and urodynamics results in obese women. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2022;41(1):468-74.
24. Zhu M, Wang S, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Zhao M, Chen D, et al. Behavioral and dietary risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection in Chinese postmenopausal women: a case–control study. Journal of international medical research. 2020;48(3):0300060519889448.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dr Bushra Begum Ramejo
Associate Professor, Head of Unit 2, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Khairpur Medical College, Lady Willing Don Hospital, Khairpur Mirs,
Dr Seema Rajar
Consultant Gynaecologist, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Khairpur Medical College, Lady Willing Don Hospital, Khairpur Mirs
Dr Sobia Azeem Siddiqui
Senior Registrar, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Rehman Medical College and Institute, Peshawar
Dr Chaman Ara
Assistant Professor Gynaecology department, women Medical College, Abbottabad
Dr Beenish Samreen Hamid
Assistant Professor and Incharge Gynae A unit, Department of Obs/Gynae KIMS/ LMH, Kohat
Dr Isma Rauf
Assistant Professor Obs & Gyn department, Women Medical College, Abbottabad