ALLEVIATION OF CHROMIUM TOXICITY BY SALICYLIC ACID AND MORINGA SEED EXTRACT IN WHEAT
Main Article Content
Keywords
Enzyme, Plant Growth, Biochemical, Antioxidant
Abstract
The most important crop in the world due to its nutritional worth is wheat. It can serve as an
indicator for the economic health of a nation. Pakistan is an agrarian country whose economy is
based on cash crops, one of which being wheat. Wheat annual growth should be 44 million tones to
feed the people in 2030. Experiments on pot studies were conducted in the research field, University
of Gujrat, throughout 2020-2022. Research was done to look at the effects of chromium (Cr)
toxicity on variety (Sehar-06) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by seed priming with salicylic acid
(SA) and topically foliar spray of Moringa seed extract (MSE). The findings which are displayed as
graphs and tables, represent the average of two years of wheat (2021 and 2022) using the applied
treatments. Morphological characteristics showed clearly toxic effects of chromium unaccompanied
or combine with salicylic acid and moringa seed extract. All morphological parameters frequently
enhanced with the application of SA as well as MSE. Chromium was also shown to have an
inhibitory effect in cases of decreased photosynthetic activity and biochemical parameters. Both
(0.75, 1.0 mM) level of chromium significantly decreased chlorophyll contents, and flavonoids
contents but there is increase in phenolics. Additionally, biochemical characteristics revealed an
unfavorable reaction with both chromium levels. With various treatments, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants exhibited distinct behavior at wheat variety, with as well as without
chromium. DPPH activities also effected by high level of chromium stress in plants and also
increased with application of SA and MSE. MSE (3%) condensed the antagonistic effects of
chromium (Cr) stress in wheat, improving all of the attributes more than SA (3 mM).
References
1. Ahmad, R., Ali, S., Abid, M., Rizwan, M., Ali, B., Tanveer, A., & Ghani, M. A. (2020).
Glycinebetaine alleviates the chromium toxicity in Brassica oleracea L. by suppressing
oxidative stress and modulating the plant morphology and photosynthetic attributes. Environ.
Sci. Pol. Res. 27, 1101-1111.
2. Arif, Y., Sami, F., Siddiqui, H., Bajguz, A. & Hayat, S. (2020). Salicylic acid in relation to
other phytohormones in plant: A study towards physiology and signal transduction under
challenging environment. Environ. Exp. Bot. 175, 104040.
3. Atta, M. I., Bokhari, T. Z., Malik, S. A., Wahid, A., Saeed, S., & Gulshan, A. B. (2013).
Assessing some emerging effects of hexavalent chromium on leaf physiological performance in
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Inter. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 4, 945-949
4. Banakar, M. H., Amiri, H., Ardakani, M. R. S. & Ranjbar, G. H. (2022). Susceptibility and
tolerance of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) to salt stress: Physiological and
biochemical inspections. Environ. Exp. Bot. 194, 104748. 53(2), 585-595.
5. Bashir, Z., Hussain, K., Iqbal, I., Nawaz, K., Siddiqi, E. H., Javeria, M., & Ali, S. S. (2021).
Improvements of crop productivity in wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) by the applications of
phytohormones. Pak. J. Bot.
6. Buthelezi, N. M. D., Gololo, S. S. & Mugivhisa, L. L. (2022). An Assessment of Moringa
(Moringa oleifera L.) Seed Extract on Crop Water Productivity and Physico-Biochemical
Properties of Cancer Bush (Sutherlandia frutescens L.) under Deficit Irrigation. Horticul. 8(10),
938.
7. Buthelezi, N. M. D., Mugivhisa, L. L., & Gololo, S. S. (2024). Foliar Application of Moringa
Seed Extract Alone or in Combination with Salicylic Acid Enhanced Growth, Bioactive, and
Phytohormone Compositions of Cancer Bush Plants under Heat Stress. HortScience, 59(5),
587-594.
8. Desoky, E. S. M., Elrys, A. S. & Rady, M. M. (2019). Integrative moringa and licorice extracts
application improves Capsicum annuum fruit yield and declines its contaminant contents on a
heavy metals-contaminated saline soil. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 169, 50-60.
9. Elrys, A. S., El-Maati, M. F. A., Abdel-Hamed, E. M. W., Arnaout, S. M., El-Tarabily, K. A. &
Desoky, E. S. M. (2021). Mitigate nitrate contamination in potato tubers and increase nitrogen
recovery by combining dicyandiamide, moringa oil and zeolite with nitrogen fertilizer. Ecotoxi.
Environ. Saf. 209, 111839.
10. Esilaba, A. O., Okoti, M., Ketiem, P., Mangale, N., Muli, B. M., Nyongesa, D & Wasilwa, L.
(2021). Farm-Level agricultural resilience and adaptation to climate change extension manual.
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 978 - 9966 –
056.
11. Fatma, M., Sehar, Z., Iqbal, N., Alvi, A. F., Abdi, G., Proestos, C., & Khan, N. A. (2023).
Sulfur supplementation enhances nitric oxide efficacy in reversal of chromium-inhibited Calvin
cycle enzymes, photosynthetic activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in wheat. Sci. Rep. 13(1),
6858.
12. Gupta, A., & Ranjan, R. (2020). Grasses as an immense source of pharmacologically active
medicinal properties: an overview. In Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad (Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 1323-
1329).
13. Hamza, A. A. (2010). Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera Lam seed extract on liver
fibrosis in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(1), 345-355.
14. Husak, V., & Bayliak, M. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms of Chromium Tolerance in Plants: A
Key Role of Antioxidant Defense. Chromium in Plants and Environment, 443-479.
15. Hussain, I., Ashraf, M. A., Rasheed, R., Asghar, A., Sajid, M. A., & Iqbal, M. (2015).
Exogenous application of silicon at the boot stage decreases accumulation of cadmium in wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 38, 223-234
16. Ijaz, M. U., Ahmed, H., Ashraf, A., Aziz, S., Al-Ghanim, K. A., Akhtar, M., & Mahboob, S.
(2021). Vitexin attenuates cisplatin-induced renal toxicity by reducing oxidative stress and
inflammation. J. King, Saud. Univ. Sci. 33(8), 101657.
17. Javaid, S., uz Zaman, Q., Sultan, K., Riaz, U., Aslam, A., Saba Sharif, N. E., & Ibraheem, S.
(2020). 5. Heavy metals stress, mechanism and remediation techniques in rice (Oryza sativa
L.): A review. P. App. Bio. 9(1), 403-426.
18. Kamran, M., Wang, D., Alhaithloul, H. A. S., Alghanem, S. M., Aftab, T., Xie, K. & Soliman,
M. H. (2021). Jasmonic acid-mediated enhanced regulation of oxidative, glyoxalase defense
system and reduced chromium uptake contributes to alleviation of chromium (VI) toxicity in
choysum (Brassica parachinensis L.). Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 208, 111758.
19. Khaliq, M., Nawaz, K., Hussain, K., Javeria, M., Iqbal, I., & Qurban, M. (2023). Foliar
Application of Sorbitol is a shotgun approach to alleviate the adverse effects of Salinity Stress
on two varieties of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.). Pak. J. Bot. 55(4), 1243-1256.
20. Khan, S., Basra, S. M. A., Afzal, I., Nawaz, M., & Rehman, H. U. (2017). Growth promoting
potential of fresh and stored Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in improving seedling vigor, growth
and productivity of wheat crop. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res. 24, 27601-27612.
21. Mazumder, M. K., Sharma, P., Moulick, D., Tata, S. K., & Choudhury, S. (2022). Salicylic acid
ameliorates zinc and chromium-induced stress responses in wheat seedlings: A biochemical and
computational analysis. Cereal, Res. Com. 50(3), 407-418.
22. Mira-Sanchez, M. D., Castillo-Sanchez, J. & Morillas-Ruiz, J. M. (2020). Comparative study of
rosemary extracts and several synthetic and natural food antioxidants. Relevance of carnosic
acid/carnosol ratio. Food, Chem. 309, 125688.
23. Mohammadi, E., Fattahi, M., Barin, M., & Ashrafi-Saeidlou, S. (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhiza
and vermicompost alleviate drought stress and enhance yield, total flavonoid concentration,
rutin content, and antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). South African
Journal of Botany, 148, 588-600.
24. Moldovan, C., Babota, M., Mocan, A., Menghini, L., Cesa, S., Gavan, A., & Barros, L. (2021).
Optimization of the drying process of autumn fruits rich in antioxidants: A study focusing on
rosehip (Rosa canina L.) and sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) and their
bioactive properties. Food, Funct. 12(9), 3939-3953.
25. Muhammad Arshad, M. A., Muhammad Iqbal, M. I., Ashraf, M. Y., Qasim Ali, Q. A., &
Naeem Iqbal, N. I. (2019). Exogenous sodium nitroprusside increases antioxidative potential
and grain yield of bread wheat exposed to cadmium.
26. Nazeer, A., Hussain, K., Hassain, A., Nawaz, K., Bashir, Z., Ali, S. S., & Yasin, G. (2020).
Influence of foliar applications of IAA, NAA and GA3 on growth, yield and quality of Pea
(Pisum sativum L.). Indian J. Agric. Res. 54(6), 699-707.
27. Panda, S. K., & Choudhury, S. (2005). Chromium stress in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17,
95-102.
28. Qin, G., Niu, Z., Yu, J., Li, Z., Ma, J. & Xiang, P. (2021). Soil heavy metal pollution and food
safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology. Chemosphere, 267, 129205.
29. Rady, M. M., Elrys, A. S., Selem, E., Mohsen, A. A., Arnaout, S. M., El-Sappah, A. H. &
Desoky, E. S. M. (2023). Spirulina platensis extract improves the production and defenses of
the common bean grown in a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil. J. Environ. Sci. 129, 240-
257.
30. Ramzan, M., Naz, G., Parveen, M., Jamil, M., Gill, S., & Sharif, H. M. A. (2023). Synthesis of
phytostabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effects on physiological and anti-oxidative
responses of Zea mays (L.) under chromium stress. Plant, Physi. Biochem. 196, 130-138.
31. Rehman, A. U., Nazir, S., Irshad, R., Tahir, K., ur Rehman, K., Islam, R. U. & Wahab, Z.
(2021). Toxicity of heavy metals in plants and animals and their uptake by magnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles. J. Mol. Liq. 321, 114455.
32. Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Hussain, A., Ali, Q., Shakoor, M. B., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., & Asma, M.
(2017). Effect of zinc-lysine on growth, yield and cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) and health risk assessment. Chemosphere, 187, 35-42.
33. Rockwood, J. L., Anderson, B. G., & Casamatta, D. A. (2013). Potential uses of Moringa
oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. oleifera seed and leaf
extracts using crude extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations.
Inter. J. Phytother. Res. 3(2), 61-71.
34. Romano, D., La Fornara, G., Tribulato, A., & Toscano, S. (2022). Can moringa leaf spray
treatment increase the nutraceutical properties of radish baby leaf?. Horticulturae, 8(8), 671.
35. Silverman, B. W. (2018). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. CRC Press, Taylor
& Francis group, Routledge UK.
36. Singh, D., Sharma, N. L., Singh, C. K., Yerramilli, V., Narayan, R., Sarkar, S. K., & Singh, I.
(2021). Chromium (VI)-induced alterations in physio-chemical parameters, yield, and yield
characteristics in two cultivars of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Front. Plant, Sci. 12, 735129.
37. Sonone, S. S., Jadhav, S., Sankhla, M. S. & Kumar, R. (2020). Water contamination by heavy
metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through food Chain. Let. Appl.
Nano, BioSci. 10(2), 2148-2166.
38. Sowunmi, B. O., & Gonzo, M. (2023). The effect of Moringa oleifera crude extract on liver cell
line, HepG2. Comp. Med. Thera. 23(1), 380.
39. Sulistiany, H., Sudirman, L. I., & Dharmaputra, O. S. (2016). Production of fruiting body and
antioxidant activity of wild Pleurotus. J. Haya, Biosci. 23(4), 191-195.
40. Tauqeer, H. M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Ali, Q., Saeed, R., Iftikhar, U., & Abbasi, G. H. (2016).
Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Alternanthera bettzickiana: growth and physiological
response. Ecotoxi. Environ. Safe. 126, 138-146.
41. Tiwari, R. K., Lal, M. K., Kumar, R., Mangal, V., Altaf, M. A., Sharma, S. & Kumar, M.
(2021). Insight into melatonin-mediated response and signaling in the regulation of plant
defense under biotic stress. Plant, Mol. Biol. 1-15.
42. Ulhassan, Z., Gill, R. A., Huang, H., Ali, S., Mwamba, T. M., Ali, B., & Zhou, W. (2019).
Selenium mitigates the chromium toxicity in Brassicca napus L. by ameliorating nutrients
uptake, amino acids metabolism and antioxidant defense system. P. Physi. Biochem. 145, 142-
152.
43. Ullah, S., Liu, Q., Wang, S., Jan, A. U., Sharif, H. M. A., Ditta, A. & Cheng, H. (2023).
Sources, impacts, factors affecting Cr uptake in plants, and mechanisms behind
phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soils. Sci. Total, Environ.713, 136675.
44. Yasmeen, A., Basra, S. M. A., Farooq, M., Rehman, H. U., Hussain, N., & Athar, H. U. R.
(2013). Exogenous application of moringa leaf extract modulates the antioxidant enzyme
system to improve wheat performance under saline conditions. Plant Growth Regulation, 69,
225-233
45. Yucel, N., & Heybet, E. (2016). Salicylic acid and calcium treatments improves wheat vigor,
lipids and phenolics under high salinity. Act. Chim. Slov. 63(4).
46. Zandi, P., & Schnug, E. (2022). Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant responses and
implications from a microbial modulation perspective. Biol. 11(2), 155.
Glycinebetaine alleviates the chromium toxicity in Brassica oleracea L. by suppressing
oxidative stress and modulating the plant morphology and photosynthetic attributes. Environ.
Sci. Pol. Res. 27, 1101-1111.
2. Arif, Y., Sami, F., Siddiqui, H., Bajguz, A. & Hayat, S. (2020). Salicylic acid in relation to
other phytohormones in plant: A study towards physiology and signal transduction under
challenging environment. Environ. Exp. Bot. 175, 104040.
3. Atta, M. I., Bokhari, T. Z., Malik, S. A., Wahid, A., Saeed, S., & Gulshan, A. B. (2013).
Assessing some emerging effects of hexavalent chromium on leaf physiological performance in
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Inter. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 4, 945-949
4. Banakar, M. H., Amiri, H., Ardakani, M. R. S. & Ranjbar, G. H. (2022). Susceptibility and
tolerance of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) to salt stress: Physiological and
biochemical inspections. Environ. Exp. Bot. 194, 104748. 53(2), 585-595.
5. Bashir, Z., Hussain, K., Iqbal, I., Nawaz, K., Siddiqi, E. H., Javeria, M., & Ali, S. S. (2021).
Improvements of crop productivity in wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) by the applications of
phytohormones. Pak. J. Bot.
6. Buthelezi, N. M. D., Gololo, S. S. & Mugivhisa, L. L. (2022). An Assessment of Moringa
(Moringa oleifera L.) Seed Extract on Crop Water Productivity and Physico-Biochemical
Properties of Cancer Bush (Sutherlandia frutescens L.) under Deficit Irrigation. Horticul. 8(10),
938.
7. Buthelezi, N. M. D., Mugivhisa, L. L., & Gololo, S. S. (2024). Foliar Application of Moringa
Seed Extract Alone or in Combination with Salicylic Acid Enhanced Growth, Bioactive, and
Phytohormone Compositions of Cancer Bush Plants under Heat Stress. HortScience, 59(5),
587-594.
8. Desoky, E. S. M., Elrys, A. S. & Rady, M. M. (2019). Integrative moringa and licorice extracts
application improves Capsicum annuum fruit yield and declines its contaminant contents on a
heavy metals-contaminated saline soil. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 169, 50-60.
9. Elrys, A. S., El-Maati, M. F. A., Abdel-Hamed, E. M. W., Arnaout, S. M., El-Tarabily, K. A. &
Desoky, E. S. M. (2021). Mitigate nitrate contamination in potato tubers and increase nitrogen
recovery by combining dicyandiamide, moringa oil and zeolite with nitrogen fertilizer. Ecotoxi.
Environ. Saf. 209, 111839.
10. Esilaba, A. O., Okoti, M., Ketiem, P., Mangale, N., Muli, B. M., Nyongesa, D & Wasilwa, L.
(2021). Farm-Level agricultural resilience and adaptation to climate change extension manual.
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 978 - 9966 –
056.
11. Fatma, M., Sehar, Z., Iqbal, N., Alvi, A. F., Abdi, G., Proestos, C., & Khan, N. A. (2023).
Sulfur supplementation enhances nitric oxide efficacy in reversal of chromium-inhibited Calvin
cycle enzymes, photosynthetic activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in wheat. Sci. Rep. 13(1),
6858.
12. Gupta, A., & Ranjan, R. (2020). Grasses as an immense source of pharmacologically active
medicinal properties: an overview. In Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad (Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 1323-
1329).
13. Hamza, A. A. (2010). Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera Lam seed extract on liver
fibrosis in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(1), 345-355.
14. Husak, V., & Bayliak, M. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms of Chromium Tolerance in Plants: A
Key Role of Antioxidant Defense. Chromium in Plants and Environment, 443-479.
15. Hussain, I., Ashraf, M. A., Rasheed, R., Asghar, A., Sajid, M. A., & Iqbal, M. (2015).
Exogenous application of silicon at the boot stage decreases accumulation of cadmium in wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 38, 223-234
16. Ijaz, M. U., Ahmed, H., Ashraf, A., Aziz, S., Al-Ghanim, K. A., Akhtar, M., & Mahboob, S.
(2021). Vitexin attenuates cisplatin-induced renal toxicity by reducing oxidative stress and
inflammation. J. King, Saud. Univ. Sci. 33(8), 101657.
17. Javaid, S., uz Zaman, Q., Sultan, K., Riaz, U., Aslam, A., Saba Sharif, N. E., & Ibraheem, S.
(2020). 5. Heavy metals stress, mechanism and remediation techniques in rice (Oryza sativa
L.): A review. P. App. Bio. 9(1), 403-426.
18. Kamran, M., Wang, D., Alhaithloul, H. A. S., Alghanem, S. M., Aftab, T., Xie, K. & Soliman,
M. H. (2021). Jasmonic acid-mediated enhanced regulation of oxidative, glyoxalase defense
system and reduced chromium uptake contributes to alleviation of chromium (VI) toxicity in
choysum (Brassica parachinensis L.). Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 208, 111758.
19. Khaliq, M., Nawaz, K., Hussain, K., Javeria, M., Iqbal, I., & Qurban, M. (2023). Foliar
Application of Sorbitol is a shotgun approach to alleviate the adverse effects of Salinity Stress
on two varieties of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.). Pak. J. Bot. 55(4), 1243-1256.
20. Khan, S., Basra, S. M. A., Afzal, I., Nawaz, M., & Rehman, H. U. (2017). Growth promoting
potential of fresh and stored Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in improving seedling vigor, growth
and productivity of wheat crop. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res. 24, 27601-27612.
21. Mazumder, M. K., Sharma, P., Moulick, D., Tata, S. K., & Choudhury, S. (2022). Salicylic acid
ameliorates zinc and chromium-induced stress responses in wheat seedlings: A biochemical and
computational analysis. Cereal, Res. Com. 50(3), 407-418.
22. Mira-Sanchez, M. D., Castillo-Sanchez, J. & Morillas-Ruiz, J. M. (2020). Comparative study of
rosemary extracts and several synthetic and natural food antioxidants. Relevance of carnosic
acid/carnosol ratio. Food, Chem. 309, 125688.
23. Mohammadi, E., Fattahi, M., Barin, M., & Ashrafi-Saeidlou, S. (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhiza
and vermicompost alleviate drought stress and enhance yield, total flavonoid concentration,
rutin content, and antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). South African
Journal of Botany, 148, 588-600.
24. Moldovan, C., Babota, M., Mocan, A., Menghini, L., Cesa, S., Gavan, A., & Barros, L. (2021).
Optimization of the drying process of autumn fruits rich in antioxidants: A study focusing on
rosehip (Rosa canina L.) and sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) and their
bioactive properties. Food, Funct. 12(9), 3939-3953.
25. Muhammad Arshad, M. A., Muhammad Iqbal, M. I., Ashraf, M. Y., Qasim Ali, Q. A., &
Naeem Iqbal, N. I. (2019). Exogenous sodium nitroprusside increases antioxidative potential
and grain yield of bread wheat exposed to cadmium.
26. Nazeer, A., Hussain, K., Hassain, A., Nawaz, K., Bashir, Z., Ali, S. S., & Yasin, G. (2020).
Influence of foliar applications of IAA, NAA and GA3 on growth, yield and quality of Pea
(Pisum sativum L.). Indian J. Agric. Res. 54(6), 699-707.
27. Panda, S. K., & Choudhury, S. (2005). Chromium stress in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17,
95-102.
28. Qin, G., Niu, Z., Yu, J., Li, Z., Ma, J. & Xiang, P. (2021). Soil heavy metal pollution and food
safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology. Chemosphere, 267, 129205.
29. Rady, M. M., Elrys, A. S., Selem, E., Mohsen, A. A., Arnaout, S. M., El-Sappah, A. H. &
Desoky, E. S. M. (2023). Spirulina platensis extract improves the production and defenses of
the common bean grown in a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil. J. Environ. Sci. 129, 240-
257.
30. Ramzan, M., Naz, G., Parveen, M., Jamil, M., Gill, S., & Sharif, H. M. A. (2023). Synthesis of
phytostabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effects on physiological and anti-oxidative
responses of Zea mays (L.) under chromium stress. Plant, Physi. Biochem. 196, 130-138.
31. Rehman, A. U., Nazir, S., Irshad, R., Tahir, K., ur Rehman, K., Islam, R. U. & Wahab, Z.
(2021). Toxicity of heavy metals in plants and animals and their uptake by magnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles. J. Mol. Liq. 321, 114455.
32. Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Hussain, A., Ali, Q., Shakoor, M. B., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., & Asma, M.
(2017). Effect of zinc-lysine on growth, yield and cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) and health risk assessment. Chemosphere, 187, 35-42.
33. Rockwood, J. L., Anderson, B. G., & Casamatta, D. A. (2013). Potential uses of Moringa
oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. oleifera seed and leaf
extracts using crude extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations.
Inter. J. Phytother. Res. 3(2), 61-71.
34. Romano, D., La Fornara, G., Tribulato, A., & Toscano, S. (2022). Can moringa leaf spray
treatment increase the nutraceutical properties of radish baby leaf?. Horticulturae, 8(8), 671.
35. Silverman, B. W. (2018). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. CRC Press, Taylor
& Francis group, Routledge UK.
36. Singh, D., Sharma, N. L., Singh, C. K., Yerramilli, V., Narayan, R., Sarkar, S. K., & Singh, I.
(2021). Chromium (VI)-induced alterations in physio-chemical parameters, yield, and yield
characteristics in two cultivars of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Front. Plant, Sci. 12, 735129.
37. Sonone, S. S., Jadhav, S., Sankhla, M. S. & Kumar, R. (2020). Water contamination by heavy
metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through food Chain. Let. Appl.
Nano, BioSci. 10(2), 2148-2166.
38. Sowunmi, B. O., & Gonzo, M. (2023). The effect of Moringa oleifera crude extract on liver cell
line, HepG2. Comp. Med. Thera. 23(1), 380.
39. Sulistiany, H., Sudirman, L. I., & Dharmaputra, O. S. (2016). Production of fruiting body and
antioxidant activity of wild Pleurotus. J. Haya, Biosci. 23(4), 191-195.
40. Tauqeer, H. M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Ali, Q., Saeed, R., Iftikhar, U., & Abbasi, G. H. (2016).
Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Alternanthera bettzickiana: growth and physiological
response. Ecotoxi. Environ. Safe. 126, 138-146.
41. Tiwari, R. K., Lal, M. K., Kumar, R., Mangal, V., Altaf, M. A., Sharma, S. & Kumar, M.
(2021). Insight into melatonin-mediated response and signaling in the regulation of plant
defense under biotic stress. Plant, Mol. Biol. 1-15.
42. Ulhassan, Z., Gill, R. A., Huang, H., Ali, S., Mwamba, T. M., Ali, B., & Zhou, W. (2019).
Selenium mitigates the chromium toxicity in Brassicca napus L. by ameliorating nutrients
uptake, amino acids metabolism and antioxidant defense system. P. Physi. Biochem. 145, 142-
152.
43. Ullah, S., Liu, Q., Wang, S., Jan, A. U., Sharif, H. M. A., Ditta, A. & Cheng, H. (2023).
Sources, impacts, factors affecting Cr uptake in plants, and mechanisms behind
phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soils. Sci. Total, Environ.713, 136675.
44. Yasmeen, A., Basra, S. M. A., Farooq, M., Rehman, H. U., Hussain, N., & Athar, H. U. R.
(2013). Exogenous application of moringa leaf extract modulates the antioxidant enzyme
system to improve wheat performance under saline conditions. Plant Growth Regulation, 69,
225-233
45. Yucel, N., & Heybet, E. (2016). Salicylic acid and calcium treatments improves wheat vigor,
lipids and phenolics under high salinity. Act. Chim. Slov. 63(4).
46. Zandi, P., & Schnug, E. (2022). Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant responses and
implications from a microbial modulation perspective. Biol. 11(2), 155.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 24, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Adeela Farooq, Khizar Hayat Bhatti, & Syed Abdul Majid. (2024). ALLEVIATION OF CHROMIUM TOXICITY BY SALICYLIC ACID AND MORINGA SEED EXTRACT IN WHEAT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2751-2765. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.7061
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Adeela Farooq
Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat-Pakistan
Khizar Hayat Bhatti
Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat-Pakistan
Syed Abdul Majid
2Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffrabad
How to Cite
Adeela Farooq, Khizar Hayat Bhatti, & Syed Abdul Majid. (2024). ALLEVIATION OF CHROMIUM TOXICITY BY SALICYLIC ACID AND MORINGA SEED EXTRACT IN WHEAT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2751-2765. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.7061