EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS, RISK FACTORS, AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES ASSOCIATED WITH MEASLES INFECTION IN CHILDREN OF TEHSIL MATTA, DISTRICT SWAT PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Measles, Risk Factor, Epidemiological, Socioeconomic Status, Sleep, Immunization Status
Abstract
Background: Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that continues to pose significant health risks for children globally, despite the availability of reliable vaccines. Measles is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Measles stands as a prominent cause of mortality among children in developing nations. Measles is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide for children under the age of five.
Objective: The current study was conducted to evaluate the main risk factors associated with measles infection in children of Tehsil Matta, District Swat, from March 2019 to August 2019.
Methodology: In the present study, a total number of n= 190 children were observed who suffered from measles. Data was collected from different government and private hospitals and other local areas using a closed type of questionnaire which consisted of different factors like age, socioeconomic status, birth rank, vaccination status, favorite diet of the child, mother literacy, and contact with measles affected children, and other medical conditions etc.
Results: Children of the age group up to 2 years n=84 (44.21%) were found to have a significantly higher rate of measles infection. Individuals having poor socioeconomic status n=96 (50.52) were found significantly infected by measles. Similarly, children having birth rank 1st n=65 (34.21%) were found to be more susceptible to the infection. Unvaccinated children n=116 (61.05%) were found to have more risk of infection. Children who preferred spicy snacks as their favorite food n=73 (38.42%) were found more infected. Children of illiterate mothers n=78 (41.05%) were found prone to measles to a large extent. The infection spread in healthy children n=108 (56.84%) through contact with infected individuals. Most symptoms of infection occurred in facial areas n=88 (46.32%). The higher rate of infection occurred in children living in low altitudes n=101 (53.57%) non cemented houses n=98 (51.57%) and those having other medical conditions n=98 (51.57%).
Conclusion: The current study concludes that various factors contribute to measles infection in children. The current study concludes that the measles disease is most common in children aged less than 5 years. During the current study, poor socioeconomic status, low altitudes, junk food especially spicy snacks, and illiterate mothers were found as the promoting factors in measles disease. The current study shows no relationship between measles with children’s sleep cycle and a weak relationship between measles with children’s parental smoking. On time vaccination, intake of food containing vitamin A, and immediate treatment will reduce the infection.
References
2. Abad, C. and N. Safdar, The reemergence of measles. Current infectious disease reports, 2015. 17: p. 1-8.
3. Fayolle, J.l., et al., Characterization of a natural mutation in an antigenic site on the fusion protein of measles virus that is involved in neutralization. Journal of virology, 1999. 73(1): p. 787-790.
4. Coughlin, M.M., et al., Perspective on global measles epidemiology and control and the role of novel vaccination strategies. Viruses, 2017. 9(1): p. 11.
5. Younas, S., et al., Measles virus outbreak in district Karak, KP, Pakistan. 2017.
6. Mahamud, A., et al., Risk factors for measles mortality among hospitalized Somali refugees displaced by famine, Kenya, 2011. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2013. 57(8): p. e160-e166.
7. Perry, R.T. and N.A. Halsey, The clinical significance of measles: a review. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2004. 189(Supplement_1): p. S4-S16.
8. Donadel, M., et al., Risk factors for measles deaths among children during a Nationwide measles outbreak–Romania, 2016–2018. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2021. 21: p. 1-10.
9. Ilyas, M., et al., The resurgence of measles infection and its associated complications in early childhood at a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. Polish journal of microbiology, 2020. 69(2): p. 177-184.
10. Afzal, S. and B. Bint-e-Afzal, Risk factors associated with the outbreak of measles in Lahore, Pakistan. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 2014. 20(4): p. 302-302.
11. Gupta, S.N., et al., Factors precipitating outbreaks of measles in district Kangra of North India: A case-control study. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 2011. 1(1): p. 24-30.
12. Godoy, P., A. Dominguez, and L. Salleras, Measles: effect of a two-dose vaccination programme in Catalonia, Spain. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999. 77(2): p. 132.
13. Bhatti, A. Measles outbreak in Pakistan. in Medical Forum Monthly jan. 2013.
14. Simons, E., et al., Assessment of the 2010 global measles mortality reduction goal: results from a model of surveillance data. The Lancet, 2012. 379(9832): p. 2173-2178.
15. Morris, S.K., et al., Measles mortality in high and low burden districts of India: estimates from a nationally representative study of over 12,000 child deaths. Vaccine, 2013. 31(41): p. 4655-4661.
16. Naim, H.Y., Measles virus: a pathogen, vaccine, and a vector. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2015. 11(1): p. 21-26.
17. Samsi, T.K., et al., Risk factors for severe measles. Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 1992. 23: p. 497-497.
18. Khan, M.S., et al., PREVALENCE OF IMMUNIZATION STATUS, COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOME IN CHILDREN ADMITTED WITH MEASLES TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 2024. 31(1): p. 101-110.
19. Anekwe, T.D., et al., The causal effect of childhood measles vaccination on educational attainment: a mother fixed-effects study in rural South Africa. Vaccine, 2015. 33(38): p. 5020-5026.
20. Bekele, B.B., et al., Determinants of measles recurrent outbreak in South West Ethiopia: an obstacle for implementation of infectious disease eradication in the country. EC Microbiol, 2018. 14(10): p. 699-706.
21. Holzmann, H., et al., Eradication of measles: remaining challenges. Medical microbiology and immunology, 2016. 205: p. 201-208.
22. Mere, M.O., Progress toward measles elimination—Pakistan, 2000–2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2019. 68.
23. Javed, T., et al., Morbidity and mortality pattern of hospitalized children with measles at mayo hospital, lahore (epidemic 2013). Annals of King Edward Medical University, 2014. 20(1): p. 55-55.
24. Fikree, F.F. and O. Pasha, Role of gender in health disparity: the South Asian context. Bmj, 2004. 328(7443): p. 823-826.
25. Desai, V., et al., Study of measles incidence and vaccination coverage in slums of Surat city. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2003. 28(1): p. 10.
26. Goodson, J. Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination—Worldwide. in 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting (February 11-15, 2016). 2016. AAAS.
27. Perry, R.T., et al., Progress toward regional measles elimination—worldwide, 2000–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2015. 64(44): p. 1246-1251.
28. Villamor, E. and W.W. Fawzi, Effects of vitamin a supplementation on immune responses and correlation with clinical outcomes. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2005. 18(3): p. 446-464.
29. Bassey, E., et al., The impact of immunization control activities on measles outbreaks in Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 2010. 9(1).
30. Sheikh, S., et al., Measles susceptibility in children in Karachi, Pakistan. Vaccine, 2011. 29(18): p. 3419-3423.
31. Khan, A., et al., Prevalence of measles in district Bannu. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2018. 68(3): p. 447-9.
32. Zaidi, S.S.Z., et al., Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a measles outbreak in Punjab, Pakistan, 2013‐2015. Journal of Medical Virology, 2018. 90(8): p. 1297-1303.
33. Ahmed, Z., et al., Measles outbreak investigation in nomadic population Nasirabad, Balochistan, Pakistan February 2018. Global Biosecurity, 2020. 1(4).
34. Fayyaz, J., et al., Disease severity and presentation in children with recent measles epidemic: Karachi, Pakistan. 2014.
35. Masuet-Aumatell, C., et al., Measles in Bolivia: A ‘honeymoon period’. Vaccine, 2013. 31(16): p. 2097-2102.
36. Lee, K.-Y., et al., Clinical features of measles according to age in a measles epidemic. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2005. 37(6-7): p. 471-475.
37. Olaitan, A., E. Ella, and J. Ameh, Comparative seroprevalence of measles virus immunoglobulin M antibodies in children aged 0–8 months and a control population aged 9–23 months presenting with measles-like symptoms in selected hospitals in Kaduna State. International journal of general medicine, 2015: p. 101-108.
38. Koenig, M.A., D. Bishai, and M.A. Khan, Health interventions and health equity: the example of measles vaccination in Bangladesh. Population and Development Review, 2001. 27(2): p. 283-302.
39. Reddy, V., et al., Relationship between measles, malnutrition, and blindness: a prospective study in Indian children. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1986. 44(6): p. 924-930.
40. Banerjee, A., S. Mukherjee, and B.K. Maji, Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 2021. 8: p. 938-961.
41. Dar, H., et al., Immunomodulatory effects of food additives. Int J Immunother Cancer Res, 2017. 3(1): p. 019-031.
42. Mushtaq, A., et al., Measles in children: still a problem today. Pak J Med Health Sci, 2012. 6(3): p. 755-8.
43. Datta, N., et al., Application of case management to the control of acute respiratory infections in low-birth-weight infants: a feasibility study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1987. 65(1): p. 77.
44. Chowdhury, F., et al., Young children non‐immunized against measles: Characteristics and programmatic implications. Acta Paediatrica, 2006. 95(1): p. 44-49.
45. Semba, R.D., et al., Paternal smoking and increased risk of infant and under-5 child mortality in Indonesia. American journal of public health, 2008. 98(10): p. 1824-1826.
46. Yoshida, M., et al., Development of follicular rash in measles. British Journal of Dermatology, 2005. 153(6): p. 1226-1228.
47. Premaratna, R., et al., Sporadic cases of adult measles: a research article. BMC research notes, 2017. 10: p. 1-6.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Muhammad Shoaib
Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Hameed Khan
Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Tahseen Zafar
Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Gohir Naseer
Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad
Shafia Rehman
Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Najeeb
Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Ajmal Khan
Government AKL Post Graduate College, Matta Swat, Pakistan
Sharafat Ali
Government AKL Post Graduate College, Matta Swat, Pakistan
Arshad Ghaffar Khan
Government AKL Post Graduate College, Matta Swat, Pakistan
Nida Siraj
Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan