WERE OUR FOREBEARS AWARE OF PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS? A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER
Main Article Content
Keywords
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, history, alcoholism
Abstract
Many historical records have been taken out of context when reviewing the history of prenatal alcohol exposure, and the impacts of these histories on modern-day FASD research have been overestimated. Historical records, as early as biblical times, do suggest at least a working awareness of an interaction between alcohol and reproduction of some kind. Contrary to assertions made in some fetal alcohol research, these records do not suggest an ancient awareness of the deleterious effects of alcohol on the developing fetus. Historical records regarding alcoholism and reproduction need to be interpreted critically, in context, and in consideration of the Zeitgeist, or the Spirit of the Times.
References
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2. Streissguth AP. Fetal alcohol syndrome: A guide for families and communities. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., 1997.
3. Lemoine P, Harrouseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC. Les enfants de parents alcoholiques: Anomalies observees a propos de 127 cas. Ouest Medical 1968:8;476-82.
4. Lemoine P. The history of alcoholic fetopathies. J FAS Int. 2003:1;e2.
5. Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, Streissguth AP. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet 1973:7815;1267-71.
6. Jones KL, Smith DW, Streissguth AP, Myrianthopoulos NC. Outcome in offspring of chronic alcoholic women. Lancet 1974:1(7866);1076-78.
7. Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet 1973:2(7836);999-1001.
8. Koren G, Nulman I, Chudley AE, Loocke C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. CMAJ 2003:169(11);1181-85.
9. Warner RH, Rosett HL. The effects of drinking on offspring: An historical survey of the American and British literature. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1975:36(11); 1395-1420.
10. Davis VE. The fetus and alcohol. Medical Journal of Australia 1980:1;558.
11. Calhoun F, Warren K. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Historical perspectives. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2007: 31(2);168-71.
12. Abel EL. Was the fetal alcohol syndrome recognized in the ancient near east? Alcohol & Alcoholism 1997:32(1);3-7.
13. Abel EL. Was the fetal alcohol syndrome recognized by the Greeks and Romans? Alcohol and Alcoholism 1999 NovDec:34(6);868-72.
14. Abel EL. "Who goes drunk to bed begets but a girl": The history of a renaissance medical proverb. Journal of the History of Medicine Allied Sci 1999:54;5-22.
15. Shibley IA, Pennington SN. Historical misrepresentation in science: The case of fetal alcohol syndrome. Science & Engineering Ethics 1998:4(4);427-35.
16. Rodin AE. Infants and gin mania in 18thcentury London. JAMA 1981:245(12);1237- 39.
17. Abel EL. Gin lane: Did Hogarth know about fetal alcohol syndrome? Alcohol & Alcoholism 2001:36(2);131-34.
18. Sullivan WC. A note on the influence of maternal inebriety on the offspring. Journal of Mental Science 1899:45;489-503.
19. Reid GA. Human evolution; with especial reference to alcohol. British Journal of Medicine 1903:2;818-20.
20. Goddard HH. The Kallikak family: A study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness. New York, NY, US: MacMillan Co, 1912.
21. Karp RJ, Qaz, QH, Moller KA, Angelo WA, Davis JM. Fetal alcohol syndrome at the turn of the 20th century: An unexpected explanation of the Kallikak family. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1995:149(1);45-48.
22. Malcolm MT. Foetal alcohol syndrome: Historical aspects. Alcohol and Alcoholism 1984:19(3);261-62.
23. Anti-Saloon League (1909). Flier no. 2: Child death rate higher in drinkers’ families. Retrieved from http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/index.ht ml.
24. Crowe L. Alcohol and heredity: Theories about the effects of alcohol use on offspring. Social Biology 1985:32(3-4);146-61.
25. Elderton E, Pearson K. A first study of the influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring. London: Cambridge University Press, 1910.
26. Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, Sampson PD, O'Malley K, Young, JK. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 2004:25(4);228-38.
27. Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005:172(Suppl);S1-S21.
28. Armstrong EM. Diagnosing moral disorder: The discovery and evolution of fetal alcohol syndrome. Soc. Sci. Med 1998:47(12);2025- 42.
29. Kumada T, Jiang Y, Cameron DB, Komuro H. How does alcohol impair neuronal migration? Journal of Neuroscience Research 2007:85(3);465-70.
30. Rasmussen C, Horne K, Witol A. Neurobehavioral functioning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychology 2006:12(6);453-68.