ASSOCIATION OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM

Abstract

Introduction: Hypothyroidism, characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, affects millions of individuals worldwide, with prevalence varying across different populations and age groups. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy expenditure, and the functioning of various organs, including the brain

Objective: To examine the relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms with hypothyroidism, exposing its clinical implications and therapeutic strategies.

Methodology: This study is a cross-sectional retrospective analysis conducted at Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar. A total of 103 participants were retrospectively selected from medical records at Lady Reading Hospital between January 2023 and January 2024. Anxiety and depression were assessed using validated tools such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) or the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). These tools were administered during routine clinical visits or through self-report questionnaires. Anxiety and depression were assessed using standardized scales administered during clinical evaluations. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) are commonly utilized clinician-administered tools for evaluating the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively.

Results:  The study's sociodemographic profile revealed a majority of females (71%), with most participants aged 25-34 (52%), married (72%), and educated beyond matric level (79%). No statistically significant differences were found. Regarding depression, 60.1% exhibited symptoms, with no significant gender disparity. Similarly, 65% showed anxiety, with no significant gender difference. However, specific symptoms showed gender variations: males showed more depressed mood and anxiety with genital symptoms, while females exhibited more gastrointestinal symptoms and hypochondriasis. Moreover, HAM-A scores indicated significant differences in symptoms like anxious mood, tension, fears, and somatic symptoms between genders. Notably, a significant association was found between HDRS and HAM-A scores (P = 0.045).

Conclusion: Since thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for controlling mood, behaviour, and thought processes, there is reason for great concern over the relationship between thyroid function and mental illnesses. Thyroid dysfunctions have been linked to learning and memory deficits, as well as psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and depressive disorders. In order to optimise their therapy, patients presenting with these symptoms must undergo treatment and monitoring from both an endocrinologist and a psychiatrist. Early detection of an endocrine disorder can lower mental morbidity and eventually enhance general health results.