PHARMACOKINETICS OF ETHANOL IN THE MATERNAL-FETAL UNIT
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
Due to its wide range of deleterious effects on the unborn baby, knowledge on the disposition of ethanol in the maternal-fetal unit is critical. This review summarizes and updates the existing evidence on ethanol disposition in the mother, the placenta and the fetus, and relates them to their potential fetal effects.
References
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27. Vieira I, Sonnier M, Cresteil T. Developmental expression of CYP2E1 in the human liver. Hypermethylation control of gene expression during the neonatal period.
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hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 1996;49:260-268.
29. Johnsrud EK, Koukouritaki SB, Divakaran K, Brunengraber LL, Hines RN, McCarver DG. Human hepatic CYP2E1 expression during development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:402-407.
30. Brzezinski MR, Boutelet-Bochan H, Person RE, Fantel AG, Juchau MR. Catalytic activity and quantitation of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in prenatal human brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;289:1648-1653.
31. Rasheed A, Hines RN, McCarver-May DG. Variation in induction of human placental CYP2E1: possible role in susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome? Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol 1997;144:396-400.
32. De(Addya) K, Sengupta D. Ontogeny of human fetal catalase superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation: A comparative study. J Biosci 1986;10(3):319-322.
33. Bearer CF, Gould S, Emerson R, Kinnunen P, Cook CS. Fetal alcohol syndrome and fatty acid ethyl esters. Pediatr Res 1992;31(5):492-495.
34. Bearer CF, Swick AR, Emerson RK. Fetal activity of fatty acid ethyl ester synthases. Res Commun Alcohol Subst Abuse 1995;16(4):189-194.
35. Krekels EHJ, Danhof M, Tibboel D, Knibbe CAJ. Ontogeny of hepatic glucuronidation; methods and results. Curr Drug Metab 2012;13(6):728-743.
36. Stanley EL, Hume R, Coughtrie MWH. Expression profiling of human fetal cytosolic sulfotransferases involved in steroid and thyroid hormone metabolism and in detoxification. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;240(1-2):32-42.
2. Swift R. Direct measurement of alcohol and its metabolites. Addiction 2003;98 Suppl 2:73–80.
3. Best CA, Laposata M. Fatty acid ethyl esters: toxic non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol and markers of ethanol intake. Front Biosci. 2003;8:e202-e217.
4. Norberg A, Jones AW, Hahn RG, Gabrielsson JL. Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics: research and forensic applications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:1-31.
5. Dawes M, Chowienczyk PJ. Drugs in pregnancy. Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy. Bestpract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2001;15:819-826.
6. Bosron WF, Li TK. Genetic polymorphism of human liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, and their relationship to alcohol metabolism and alcoholism. Hepatology 1986;6:502-510.
7. Osier MV, Pakstis AJ, Soodyall H, et al. A global perspective on genetic variation at the ADH genes reveals unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium and diversity. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71:84-99.
8. Wall TL. Genetic associations of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase with alcohol dependence and their mechanisms of action. Ther Drug Monit 2005;27:700-703.
9. Kwo PY, Ramchandani VA, O’Connor S, et al. Gender differences in alcohol metabolism: relationship to liver volume and effect of adjusting for body mass. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1552-1557.
10. Pawan GL. Metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) in man. Proc Nutr Soc 1972;3:83-89.
11. Zimatkin SM, Deitrich RA. Ethanol metabolism in the brain. Addict Biol. 1997;2 (4):387-399.
12. Treloar T, Madden LJ, Winter JS, Smith JL, De Jersey J. Fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis by human liver microsomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996;1299(2):160-166.
13. Szabo G, Bakhireva LN, Savage DD. Focus on: Biomarkers of fetal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol effects. Alcohol Res Health 2011;34(1):56-63.
14. Werner J, Saghir M, Castillo CFD, Warshaw AL, Laposata M. Linkage of oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in the pancreas and toxicity of nonoxidative ethanol metabolites for pancreatic acinar cells. Surgery 2001;129(6):736-744.
15. Werner J, Saghir M, Warshaw AL, et al. Alcoholic pancreatitis in rats: injury from nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol. Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol
2002; 283(1):G65-G73.
16. Brien JF, Loomis CW, Tranmer J, McGrath M. Disposition of ethanol in human maternal venous blood and amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;146:181-186.
17. Brien JF, Clarke DW, Richardson B, Patrick J. Disposition of ethanol in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid of third-trimester pregnant ewes. Amj Obstetgynecol 1985;152:583-590.
18. Brien JF, Clarke DW, Smith GN, Richardson B, Patrick J. Disposition of acute, multipledose ethanol in the near-term pregnant ewe. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157:204-211.
19. Idanpaan-Heikkila J, Jouppila P, Akerblom HK, Isoaho R, Kauppila E, Koivisto M. Elimination and metabolic effects of ethanol in mother, fetus, and newborn infant. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1972;112:387-393.
20. Nava-Ocampo AA, Velazquez-Armenta Y, Brien JF, Koren G. Elimination kinetics of ethanol in pregnant women. Reprod Toxicol 2004;18:613-617.
21. Clarke DW, Smith GN, Patrick J, Richardson B, Brien JF. Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in maternal liver, fetal liver and placenta of
the near-term pregnant ewe. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1989;12:35-41.
22. Hayashi M, Shimazaki Y, Kamata S, Kakiichi N, Ikeda M. Disposition of ethanol and acetaldehyde in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid of near-term pregnant rats. Bull Env Contam Toxicol 1991;47:184-189.
23. Badger TM, Hidestrand M, Shankar K, McGuinn WD, Ronis MJ. The effects of pregnancy on ethanol clearance. Life Sci 2005;77(17):2111-2126.
24. Shankar K, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Effects of pregnancy and nutritional status on alcohol metabolism. Alcohol Res Health 2007;30(1):55.
25. Hines RN, McCarver DG. The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase I oxidative enzymes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;300:355-360.
26. Smith M, Hopkinson DA, Harris H. Developmental changes and polymorphism in human alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Ann Hum Genet 1971;34:251-271.
27. Vieira I, Sonnier M, Cresteil T. Developmental expression of CYP2E1 in the human liver. Hypermethylation control of gene expression during the neonatal period.
Eur J Biochem 1996;238:476-483.
28. Carpenter SP, Lasker JM, Raucy JL. Expression, induction, and catalytic activity of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) in human fetal liver and
hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 1996;49:260-268.
29. Johnsrud EK, Koukouritaki SB, Divakaran K, Brunengraber LL, Hines RN, McCarver DG. Human hepatic CYP2E1 expression during development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:402-407.
30. Brzezinski MR, Boutelet-Bochan H, Person RE, Fantel AG, Juchau MR. Catalytic activity and quantitation of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in prenatal human brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;289:1648-1653.
31. Rasheed A, Hines RN, McCarver-May DG. Variation in induction of human placental CYP2E1: possible role in susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome? Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol 1997;144:396-400.
32. De(Addya) K, Sengupta D. Ontogeny of human fetal catalase superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation: A comparative study. J Biosci 1986;10(3):319-322.
33. Bearer CF, Gould S, Emerson R, Kinnunen P, Cook CS. Fetal alcohol syndrome and fatty acid ethyl esters. Pediatr Res 1992;31(5):492-495.
34. Bearer CF, Swick AR, Emerson RK. Fetal activity of fatty acid ethyl ester synthases. Res Commun Alcohol Subst Abuse 1995;16(4):189-194.
35. Krekels EHJ, Danhof M, Tibboel D, Knibbe CAJ. Ontogeny of hepatic glucuronidation; methods and results. Curr Drug Metab 2012;13(6):728-743.
36. Stanley EL, Hume R, Coughtrie MWH. Expression profiling of human fetal cytosolic sulfotransferases involved in steroid and thyroid hormone metabolism and in detoxification. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;240(1-2):32-42.