TO COMPARE THE LEVELS OF ADVANCED MARKERS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Inflammatory markers, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, rt PCR
Abstract
Background: - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early December 2019. The illness starts out as a respiratory condition with a range of outcomes, including full recovery and long-term sequelae like respiratory difficulties, heart problems, stroke, and death. The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the levels of advanced markers like inflammatory and non-inflammatory markers to check the severity and, consequently, gauge the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 infection.
Materials and methods: - 144 patients with COVID-19 were included in the study group A and B, and was validated by nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Information was gathered from medical records. Correlation analysis were carried out and variables compared.
Results- As per statistical analysis, C-reactive protein (P = 0.001), ferritin (P = 0.0001), D-dimer (P = 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P= 0.004), and total bilirubin (P = 0.006) levels were found significantly increased in both the groups. Leukocytosis, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and an elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.001) were also seen in both the groups.
Conclusion: - Indicators of organ involvement in COVID 19 infection can be assessed via growing levels of inflammatory markers demonstrate that the illness has moved from group A to group B. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and a raised NLR were among the inflammatory markers that were altered in the current study. CRP, ferritin, LDH, and D-dimer levels were also elevated. Increased levels of transaminases and total bilirubin suggest organ (liver) involvement.
References
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44. Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229):1054–1062.
2. Stebbing J., Phelan A., Griffin I., Tucker C., Oechsle O., Smith D. COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):400–402
3. Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: Clinical Management Protocol for COVID-19 (adults).
4. Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N, Diao K, Lin B, Zhu X, Li K, et al: Chest CT findings in coro¬navirus disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to duration of infection. Radiology 295: 200463, 2020.
5. Falasca K, Ucciferri C, Brandimarte A, Auricchio A, Pontolillo M, Caiazzo L and Vecchiet J: Clinical characteris¬tics and cardiovascular implications of the dead patients for COVID-19. Eur J Inflam 19, 2021.
6. Tay M.Z., Poh C.M., Renia L., MacAry P.A., Ng L.F.P. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020:1–12.
7. Buyukaydin B: The relationship of hemogram and inflammatory biomarkers to lenght of stay in hospital and clinical course in patients with COVID-19. Bezm Sci 8: 7-14, 2020.
8. Moutchia J, Pokharel P, Kerri A, McGaw K, Uchai S, Nji M and Goodman M: Clinical laboratory parameters associated with severe or critical novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 15: e0239802, 2020.
9. Zhao Y, Nie HX, Hu K, Wu XJ, Zhang YT, Wang MM, Wang T, Zheng SC, Li XC and Zeng SL: Abnormal immunity of non¬survivors with COVID-19: predictors for mortality. Infect Dis Poverty 9: 108, 2020.
10. Qin C., Zhou L., Hu Z., Zhang S., Yang S., Tao Y. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020.
11. Kordzadeh-Kermani E, Khalili H and Karimzadeh I: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and complications of COVID-19. Future Microbiol 15: 1287-1305, 2020.
12. Thompson S, Bohn MK, Mancini N, Loh TP, Wang CB, Grimmler M, Yuen KY, Mueller R, Koch D, Sethi S, et al: Horvath and the IFCC taskforce on COVID-19. IFCC interim guidelines on biochemical/hematological monitoring of COVID-19 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 58: 2009-2016, 2020.
13. Danwang C, Endomba FT, Nkeck JR, Wouna DLA, Robert A and Noubiap JJ: A meta-analysis of potential biomarkers associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Biomark Res 8: 37, 2020.
14. Wu S., Zhou Y., Hua H.Y., Zhang Y., Zhu W.Y., Wang Z.Q. Inflammation marker ESR is effective in predicting outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):997
15. Zenga F, Huangc Y, Guoa Y, Yina M, Chena X, Xiaod L and Deng G: Association of inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 96: 467-474, 2020.
16. Jurado A, Martin MC, Abad-Molina C, Orduna A, Martinez A, Ocana E, Yarce O, Navas AM, Trujillo A, Fernandez L, et al: COVID-19: Age, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and lympho-cytes as key clues from a multicentre retrospective study. Immun Ageing 17: 22, 2020.
17. Xu Z., Shi L., Wang Y., Zhang J., Huang L., Zhang C. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–422.
18. Marfia G, Navone S, Guarnaccia L, Campanella R, Mondoni M, Locatelli M, Barassi A, Fontana L, Palumbo F, Garzia E, et al: Decreased serum level of sphingosine-1-phosphate: A novel predictor of clinical severity in COVID-19. EMBO Mol Med 13: e13424, 2021.
19. Chang Z., Yang W., Wang Q., Liao G. Clinical significance of serum hs-CRP, IL-16, and PCT in diagnosis and prognosis of patients with COVID-19 (In Chinese) Drugs Clin. 2020;35(3).
20. Mirmohammadi S, Kianmehr A, Arefi M and Mahrooz A: Biochemical parameters and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infec¬tion in vital organs: COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 38: 100792, 2020.
21. Alhenc-Gelas F and Drueke TB: Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 infec¬tion by recombinant soluble ACE2. Kidney Int 97: 1091-1093, 2020.
22. Zhang L, Peng Y, Zheng Q, Jiang L, Tang S and Chen P: Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory results of COVID-19 patients. European Journal of Inflammation. January 2021. doi:10.1177/20587392211011919.
23. Kho J, Ioannou A, Van den Abbeele K, Mandal AKJ and Missouris CG: Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19: Clinical characteristics and cardiac implications. Am J Emerg Med 38: 2142-2146, 2020.
24. Zhang Y.Z., Holmes E.C. A genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020;181(2):223–227.
25. Guillen L, Padilla S, Fernandez M, Agullo V, Garcia JA, Telenti G, Garcia-Abellan J, Botella A, Gutierrez F and Masia M: Preemptive interleukin-6 blockade in patients with COVID-19 Sci Rep 10: 16826, 2020
26. Gao Y., Li T., Han M., Li X., Wu D., Xu Y. Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020Li H, Liu L, Zhang D, Xu J, Dai H, Tang N, Su X and Cao B: SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: Observations and hypotheses Lancet 395: 1517-1520, 2020
27. Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A and Ozben T: Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 57: 389-399, 2020
28. Huang I, Pranata R, Lim MA, Oehadian A and Alisjahbana B: C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin in severe coronavirus disease-2019: A meta-analysis Ther Adv Respir Dis 14: 1753466620937175, 2020
29. Weidmann MD, Ofori K and Rai AJ: Laboratory Biomarkers in the management of patients with COVID-19 Am J Clin Pathol 155: 333-342, 2021
30. Mehta P., McAuley D.F., Brown M., Sanchez E., Tattersall R.S., Manson J.J. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034
31. Yazdanpanah F, Hamblin MR and Rezaei N: The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sci 256: 117900, 2020
32. Zhang L and Guo H: Biomarkers of COVID-19 and technologies to combat SARS-CoV-2 Adv Biomark Sci Technol 2: 1-23, 2020
33. South AM, Brady TM and Flynn JT: ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2), COVID-19, and ACE Inhibitor and Ang II (Angiotensin II) Receptor blocker use during the Pandemic: The Pediatric perspective Hypertension 76: 16-22, 2020
34. Li K., Wu J., Wu F., Guo D., Chen L., Fang Z. The clinical and chest CT features associated with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(6):327–331.
35. Adhikari IP, Tiwari R and Bala R: Estimation of the De Ritis ratio in the cases of chronic alcoholic liver disease attending OPD of a tertiary health care level institute of Kanpur, UP PARIPEX-Indian J Res 7: 219-221, 2018
36. Zhang J.J., Dong X., Cao Y.Y., Yuan Y.D., Yang Y.B., Yan Y.Q. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020
37. Yazar H, Kayacan Y and Ozdin M: De Ritis ratio and biochemical parameters in COVID-19 patients Arch Physiol Biochem: 1-5, 2020 (Epub ahead of print)
38. Zinellu A, Arru F, De Vito A, Sassu A, Valdes G, Scano V, Zinellu E, Perra R, Madeddu G, Carru C, et al: The De Ritis ratio as prognostic biomarker of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients Eur J Clin Invest 51: e13427, 2021
39. Li G., De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(3):149–150.
40. Qin C, Wei Y, Lyu X, Zhao B, Feng Y, Li T, Cao H, Yang X, Zhou X, Wang W, et al: High aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio on admission as risk factor for poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients Sci Rep 10: 16496, 2020
41. Law H.K., Cheung C.Y., Ng H.Y., Sia S.F., Chan Y.O., Luk W. Chemokine up-regulation in SARS-coronavirus-infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood. 2005;106 (7): 2366–2374.
42. Varim C, Yaylaci S, Demirci T, Kaya T, Nalbant A, Dheir H, Senocak D, Kurt R, Cengiz H and Karacaer C: Neutrophil count to albumin ratio as a new predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 66 (Suppl 2): S77-S81, 2020
43. Ucciferri C, Caiazzo L, Di Nicola M, Borrelli P, Pontolillo M, Auricchio A, Vecchiet J and Falasca K: Parameters associated with diagnosis of COVID-19 in emergency department Immun Inflamm Dis 9: 851-861, 2021.
44. Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229):1054–1062.
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Dec 18, 2022
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Bansal Yogesh, & Nandini. (2022). TO COMPARE THE LEVELS OF ADVANCED MARKERS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 938-946. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.3531
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Author Biographies
Bansal Yogesh
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Rajshree Medical Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Nandini
Rajshree Medical Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
How to Cite
Bansal Yogesh, & Nandini. (2022). TO COMPARE THE LEVELS OF ADVANCED MARKERS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 938-946. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.3531