Mood Disorders in Women: Focus on Reproductive Psychiatry in the 21st Century
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mood Disorders, Women, Reproductive Psychiatry, 21st Century
Abstract
The burden of mental illness in general, and depression in particular, has long been underestimated. One in 6 persons in the United States will, at some point, suffer from major depression.1 Depression is second only to heart disease as a leading cause of medical disability in the U.S.2 Women are vulnerable to mood instability at times of life-cycle related hormonal challenge (e.g., including the premenstruum, pregnancy, post-miscarriage, postpartum and perimenopause).3 Neurobiological, genetic, and psychosocial substrates underlie the increased vulnerability for depression in women. The significant negative impact of maternal depression on maternal and child health and psychological well-being and other possible consequences of chronic depression will be reviewed. The enormous burden of female depression on women, their children and their families has been well-documented over the past two decades. What remains is the need for serious, rigorously conducted research into effective and safe treatments for depression in women, particularly at times of reproductive transition
References
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2. Michaud CM, Murray CJL, et al. Burden of disease – implications for future research. JAMA.. 2001;285:535-539.
3. Burt VK and Stein K. Chapter 39. Treatment of Women. In The American Psychiatric Textbook of Psychiatry, fifth edition, 2008. Eds. RE Hales, SC Yudofsky, and GD Gabbard, American Psychiatric Press, Inc. Wash. DC.
4. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm Accessed on: September 15, 2008 at 4.00pm.
5. Angold A, Costello EJ, Worthman CM. Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychol Med. 1998;28:51-61.
6. Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Mount JH, et al. Prevalence rates and demographic characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and the postpartum. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57:148:844-852.
7. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, et al. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:375382.
8. Neugebauer R. Depressive symptoms at two months after miscarriage: interpreting study findings from an epidemiological versus clinical perspective. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17:152– 162.
9. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA. 2006; 295:499–507.
10. McClure EB, Munk CS, Nelson EE. A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat. Biol Psychiatr. 2004;55:1047-1055.
11. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiological model. Am J Psychiatry 1993; Aug;150(8):113948.
12. Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA. Sex differences in the relationship between social supports and risk for major depression: a longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:250-256.
13. Sheline YI, Gado MH, Kraemer HC. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1516-1518.
14. Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, et al. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neuroscience. 1990;10(4):1286-91.
15. Brown GW, Moran PM. Single mothers, poverty and depression. Psychol Med 1997;27:21-33.
16. Deal LW, Holt VL. Young maternal age and depressive symptoms: Results from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:266-270.
17. Dietz PM, Williams SB, Callaghan WN, et al. Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(10):1515-1520.
18. Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: Prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(12):1817-1824.
19. Munk-Olsen T, Lauresen TM, Pedersen CB, et al. New parents and mental disorders. A population-based register study. JAMA. 2006; 296(21):2582-2589.
20. Bonari L, Bennett H, Einarson A, et al. Risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2004;50:37-9.
21. Chun TRH, Lau TK, Yip ASK, et al. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63:830-4.
22. Field T, Diego, M, Dieter J, et al. Depressed, withdrawn and intrusive mothers’ effects on their fetuses and neonates. Inf Behav and Dev. 2001;24:27-39.
23. Hoffman S, Match MC. Depressive symptomatology during pregnancy: Evidence for an association with decreased fetal growth in pregnancies of lower social class women. Health Psychol. 2000;19:535-43.
24. Steer RA, Scholl TO, Hediger ML, et al. Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Pepidemio. 1992; 45:1093-99.
25. Lundy BL, Jones NA, Field T, et al. Prenatal depression effects on neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1999;22:121-137.
26. Abrams SM, Field T, Scafidi F, et al. Newborns of depressed mothers. Infant Ment Health J. 1995;16:231-237.
27. Jones NA, Field TM, Fox NA, et al. Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are physiologically less developed. Infant Behav Dev. 1998;21:537-541.
28. Lundy BL, Aaron-Jones N, Field T, et al: Prenatal depression effects on neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1999;22:119-129.
29. Lyons-Ruth K, Wolfe R, Lyubchik A. Depression and the parenting of young children: Making the case for early preventive mental health services. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;8:148-153.
30. Murray L, Cooper P. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77:99-101.
31. Downey G, Coyne JC. Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychol Bull. 1990;108:50-76.
32. Weinberg MK, Tronick EZ. The impact of maternal psychiatric illness on infant development. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 2):53-61.
33. Weissman MM, Pilowsky DJ, Wickramaratne PJ, et al. Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology, a STAR*D-Child Report. JAMA. 2006;295(12):1389-1398.
34. Weisman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, et al. Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatr. 2006;63:1001.
35. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, et al. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:62–70.
36. Harlow BL, Wise LA, Otto MW, et al. Depression and its influence on reproductive endocrine and menstrual cycle markers associated with perimenopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:29-36.
37. Rubinow DR. Antidepressant treatment during pregnancy: Between Scylla and Charybdis. Am J Psychiatr. 2006;163:954-5.
38. Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Melzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes. Evidence Report /Technology Assessment No. 19. (Prepared by the RTI-University of North Carolina Evidence-Based Practice Center, under Contract No 290-0200016). AHRQ Publication No. 05-E006-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. February 2005.
2. Michaud CM, Murray CJL, et al. Burden of disease – implications for future research. JAMA.. 2001;285:535-539.
3. Burt VK and Stein K. Chapter 39. Treatment of Women. In The American Psychiatric Textbook of Psychiatry, fifth edition, 2008. Eds. RE Hales, SC Yudofsky, and GD Gabbard, American Psychiatric Press, Inc. Wash. DC.
4. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm Accessed on: September 15, 2008 at 4.00pm.
5. Angold A, Costello EJ, Worthman CM. Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychol Med. 1998;28:51-61.
6. Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Mount JH, et al. Prevalence rates and demographic characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and the postpartum. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57:148:844-852.
7. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, et al. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:375382.
8. Neugebauer R. Depressive symptoms at two months after miscarriage: interpreting study findings from an epidemiological versus clinical perspective. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17:152– 162.
9. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA. 2006; 295:499–507.
10. McClure EB, Munk CS, Nelson EE. A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat. Biol Psychiatr. 2004;55:1047-1055.
11. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiological model. Am J Psychiatry 1993; Aug;150(8):113948.
12. Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA. Sex differences in the relationship between social supports and risk for major depression: a longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:250-256.
13. Sheline YI, Gado MH, Kraemer HC. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1516-1518.
14. Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, et al. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neuroscience. 1990;10(4):1286-91.
15. Brown GW, Moran PM. Single mothers, poverty and depression. Psychol Med 1997;27:21-33.
16. Deal LW, Holt VL. Young maternal age and depressive symptoms: Results from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:266-270.
17. Dietz PM, Williams SB, Callaghan WN, et al. Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(10):1515-1520.
18. Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: Prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(12):1817-1824.
19. Munk-Olsen T, Lauresen TM, Pedersen CB, et al. New parents and mental disorders. A population-based register study. JAMA. 2006; 296(21):2582-2589.
20. Bonari L, Bennett H, Einarson A, et al. Risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2004;50:37-9.
21. Chun TRH, Lau TK, Yip ASK, et al. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63:830-4.
22. Field T, Diego, M, Dieter J, et al. Depressed, withdrawn and intrusive mothers’ effects on their fetuses and neonates. Inf Behav and Dev. 2001;24:27-39.
23. Hoffman S, Match MC. Depressive symptomatology during pregnancy: Evidence for an association with decreased fetal growth in pregnancies of lower social class women. Health Psychol. 2000;19:535-43.
24. Steer RA, Scholl TO, Hediger ML, et al. Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Pepidemio. 1992; 45:1093-99.
25. Lundy BL, Jones NA, Field T, et al. Prenatal depression effects on neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1999;22:121-137.
26. Abrams SM, Field T, Scafidi F, et al. Newborns of depressed mothers. Infant Ment Health J. 1995;16:231-237.
27. Jones NA, Field TM, Fox NA, et al. Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are physiologically less developed. Infant Behav Dev. 1998;21:537-541.
28. Lundy BL, Aaron-Jones N, Field T, et al: Prenatal depression effects on neonates. Infant Behav Dev. 1999;22:119-129.
29. Lyons-Ruth K, Wolfe R, Lyubchik A. Depression and the parenting of young children: Making the case for early preventive mental health services. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;8:148-153.
30. Murray L, Cooper P. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77:99-101.
31. Downey G, Coyne JC. Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychol Bull. 1990;108:50-76.
32. Weinberg MK, Tronick EZ. The impact of maternal psychiatric illness on infant development. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 2):53-61.
33. Weissman MM, Pilowsky DJ, Wickramaratne PJ, et al. Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology, a STAR*D-Child Report. JAMA. 2006;295(12):1389-1398.
34. Weisman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, et al. Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatr. 2006;63:1001.
35. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, et al. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:62–70.
36. Harlow BL, Wise LA, Otto MW, et al. Depression and its influence on reproductive endocrine and menstrual cycle markers associated with perimenopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:29-36.
37. Rubinow DR. Antidepressant treatment during pregnancy: Between Scylla and Charybdis. Am J Psychiatr. 2006;163:954-5.
38. Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Melzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes. Evidence Report /Technology Assessment No. 19. (Prepared by the RTI-University of North Carolina Evidence-Based Practice Center, under Contract No 290-0200016). AHRQ Publication No. 05-E006-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. February 2005.
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Dec 8, 2018
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K. Burt, V., & Quezada, V. (2018). Mood Disorders in Women: Focus on Reproductive Psychiatry in the 21st Century. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 16(1). https://mail.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/296
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How to Cite
K. Burt, V., & Quezada, V. (2018). Mood Disorders in Women: Focus on Reproductive Psychiatry in the 21st Century. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 16(1). https://mail.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/296