GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AS A BREAKTHROUGH THERAPY FOR OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EFFICACY AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES

Abstract

Background: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are major global health challenges, contributing significantly to the burden of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other comorbidities. Despite the availability of numerous treatment options, long-term weight loss and sustained metabolic improvements remain elusive for many patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have emerged as a promising therapeutic option for obesity and metabolic syndrome, demonstrating significant weight reduction and metabolic benefits.

Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and long-term outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonists as a breakthrough therapy for managing obesity and metabolic syndrome. It focuses on weight reduction, glycemic control, cardiometabolic benefits, safety, and patient adherence.            

Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2019 and 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and meta-analyses assessing the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide) in individuals with obesity and metabolic syndrome were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. A total of 30 studies were included in the final analysis.

Results: GLP-1 receptor agonists consistently demonstrated significant weight loss, ranging from 10% to 20% of initial body weight, in individuals with obesity. Improvements in glycemic control, lipid profiles, and blood pressure were observed, indicating substantial cardiometabolic benefits. Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist, showed superior efficacy compared to other GLP-1 receptor agonists. Safety profiles were favorable, with gastrointestinal side effects being the most commonly reported adverse events. Long-term adherence and patient satisfaction were high in most studies.

Conclusion: GLP-1 receptor agonists represent a breakthrough in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome, offering significant and sustained weight loss alongside notable metabolic improvements. These agents have the potential to redefine the therapeutic landscape, particularly in high-risk populations. Further research is needed to explore long-term cardiovascular outcomes and optimize treatment strategies.