A REVIEW ON EXPLORING THE ANTIMICROBIAL POWER OF HERBAL PLANTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
herbal plants, antimicrobial agents, synthetic drugs, side effect, comparative analysis
Abstract
Traditional medicine has utilized herbal plants for centuries. In our environment, a large number of micro-organisms grow at rapid speed, which may cause harm to other living organisms and may also lead to the dangerous diseases, anti-microbial agents are used to solve this problem. The agents that kill and stop the growth of harmful microbes are known as anti-microbial agents. There are two types of antimicrobial agents include synthetic agents and herbal plants. Synthetic drugs are used as antimicrobial agents but they have various side effects like reactive oxygen species and antibiotic resistance. Herbal plants have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. Plants have active chemical constituents that provide pharmacological action. This review provides a comparative analysis of ten herbal plants that possess anti-microbial activity. Herbal anti-microbial agent include Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Mint (Mentha), Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) all of these have been summarized.
References
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9. Chanda W, Joseph TP, Guo XF, Wang WD, Liu M, Vuai MS, Padhiar AA, Zhong MT. Effectiveness of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Microbial Pathogens. Journal of Zheijang University Science B - Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2018, 19(4), 253-262.
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14. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Isolation of Principle Active Compound of Acorus Calamus. Vivo Assessment of Pharmacological Activity in the Treatment of Neurobiological Disorder (stress). Journal of Medicinal and Clinical Research. 2014, 2(9), 2201-2212.
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16. Ahmad M, Wajid M. Plants as Potential Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 2(3), 2222-5668.
17. Tiwari N, Kumar PB, Bhatnagar SK, Ghosh AK. A Review Article for Herbal Drugs as Anxiolytic Activity. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research. 2017, 6(2), 582-589
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22. Tiwari N, Sahu SN, Ghosh AK. Herbal Plants for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Intercontinental Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation and Research. 2019, 6 (3), 170-173
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24. Amna S, Huda AG. Aloe Vera Extract: A Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018, 31 (5 [Supp.]), 2123-2130.
25. Zhakipbekov K, Turgumbayeva A, Akhelova S, Bekmuratova K, Blinova O, Utegenova G, Shertaeva K, Sadykov N, Tastambek K, Saginbazarova, A, Urazgaliyev K, Tulegenova G, Zhalimova Z and Karasova Z. Antimicrobial and Other Pharmacological Properties of Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae. Molecules. 2024, 29, 388.
26. Chukwuma IF, Uchendu NO, Asomadu RO, Ezeorba WFC, Ezeorba TPC. African and Holy Basil – A Review of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Toxicity of their Essential Oil: Current Trends and Prospects for Antimicrobial/Anti-parasitic Pharmacology. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2023, 16(7), 104870.
27. Munive Nuñez KV, Abreu ACdS., Almeida JMd, Gonçalves JL, Bonsaglia ÉCR, dos Santos MV, Silva NCC. Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis. Dairy. 2024, 5(1), 54-65.
28. Tajkarimi MM, Ibrahim SA, Cliver DO. Antimicrobial Herb and Spice Compounds in Food. Food Control. 2010, 21, 1199–1218.
29. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Anti-stress Activity of a Bioflavanoid: Quercetin from Euphorbia hirta. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015, 6(2), 68-75.
30. Cui H, Zhang C, Li C, Lin L. Antimicrobial Mechanism of Clove Oil on Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control. 2018, 94, 140-146.
31. Pan Y, Qiao L, Liu S, He Y, Huang D, Wu W, Liu Y, Chen L, Huang D. Explorative Study on Volatile Organic Compounds of Cinnamon Based on GC-IMS. Metabolites. 2024, 14(5), 274.
32. Vasconcelos NG, Croda J, Simionatto S. Antibacterial Mechanisms of Cinnamon and its Constituents: A review. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2018, 120, 198-203.
33. Akram W, Ahmed S, Rihan M, Arora S, Khalid M, Ahmad S, Ahmad F, Haque S, Vashishth R. An Updated Comprehensive Review of the Therapeutic Properties of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). International Journal of Food Properties. 2024, 27(1), 133-164.
34. Sah A, Naseef PP, Kuruniyan MS, Jain GK, Zakir F, Aggarwal G. A Comprehensive Study of Therapeutic Applications of Chamomile. Pharmaceuticals. 2022, 15(10), 1284.
35. Das S, Horváth B, Šafranko S, Jokić S, Széchenyi A, Kőszegi T. Antimicrobial Activity of Chamomile Essential Oil: Effect of Different Formulations. Molecules. 2019, 24(23), 4321.
36. Hojjati M. Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Dill (Anethum graveolens) Essential Oil. Food Science and Technology: Integration for Asean Economic Community Sustainable Development. 2017, 260-263.
37. Jannesar N, Bassiri A, Ghavami M, Chenarbon HA, Tarzi BG, Investigation of Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Microencapsulated Essential Oil using Fluidized Bed Method. Food Chemistry: X. 2024, 101708, 2590-1575.
38. Sameena S, Mukherjee P, Pramanik P, Chatterjee P, Dash N. Antimicrobial Activity of Mint: An Overview. Journal of Advances in Microbiology Research. 2024, 5(1), 1-3.
39. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Evaluation of Antistress Potential of Negundin A from Vitex Negundo in Acute Stress Induced Mice. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2015, 10(1), 1-8.
40. Chen C, Liu CH, Cai J, Zhang W, Qi WL, Wang Z, Liu ZB, Yang Y. Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity, Chemical Composition and Mechanism of Action of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts. Food Control. 2018, 86, 117-125.
41. Singletary, Keith PhD. Ginger: An Overview of Health Benefits. Nutrition Today. 2010, 45(4), 171-183.
42. Tiwari N, Verma L, Jawaid T. Adaptogenic agents: A Review. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2011, 5, 285-304.
43. Aleem M, Khan MDI, Shakshaz FA, Akbari N, Anwar D. Botany, Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale): A Review. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2020, 8 (6), 36-49.
44. Tiwari N, Maheshwari M, Patani P. A Well Known Compounds Beta Asarone and Forskolin and Its in Vivo Activity against Stress. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2019, 6 (2), 582-589.
45. Sales G, Medeiros S, Soares I, Sampaio T, Bandeira M, Nogueira N, Queiroz M. Antifungal and Modulatory Activity of Lemon Balm (Lippia alba (MILL.) N. E. BROWN) Essential Oil. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2022, 90(2), 31.
46. Abakar HO, Bakhiet SE, Abadi RS. Antimicrobial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Aloe Vera Sap and Leaves using Different Extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017, 6(3), 298-303.
47. Predoi D, Iconaru SL, Buton N, Badea ML, Marutescu L. Antimicrobial Activity of New Materials Based on Lavender and Basil Essential Oils and Hydroxyapatite. Nanomaterials. 2018, 8(5), 291.
48. Alejo AO, Ajayi AM, Akinyele BO. Assessing the Antibacterial Properties of Aloe vera (Linn) and Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) against Some Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR). 2024, 9(1), 182-191.
49. Radünz M, da Trindade ML, Camargo TM, Radünz AL, Borges CD, Gandra EA, Helbig E.Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of Unencapsulated and Encapsulated clove (Syzygium aromaticum, L.) Essential oil. Food Chemistry. 2019, 276, 180–186.
50. Babu AJ, RupaSundari A, Indumathi J, Srujan RV, Sravanthi M. Study on the Antimicrobial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Essential Oils of Spices. Veterinary World. 2011, 4(7), 311.
51. Alkuraishy H, Al-Gareeb A, Albuhadilly A, Alwindy S. In vitro Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of Matricaria Chamomile Alcoholic Extract against Pathogenic Bacterial Strains. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2015, 7(2), 55-61.
52. Derakhshan S, Navidinia M, Ahmadi A. Antibacterial Activity of Dill (Anethum graveolens) Essential Oil and Antibiofilm Activity of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Alcoholic Extract. Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology. 2017, 3(4), 122-6.
53. Githaiga BM, Gathuru EM, Waithaka PN, Kiarie LW. Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Mint (Mentha spicata) Leaves on Selected Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Science. 2018, 2(2), 8-14.
54. Oyinlola KA, Ogunleye GE, Balogun AI, Joseph O. Comparative study: Garlic, ginger and turmeric as natural antimicrobials and bioactives. South African Journal of Science. 2024, 120(1-2), 1-7.
2. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Anti-stress Activity (in-vivo) of Forskolin Isolated from Coleus Forskohlii. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR). 2014, 4(3), 201-204.
3. Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C ,Tsigalou C, Bezirtzoglou E. Towards Advances in Medicinal Plant Antimicrobial Activity: A Review Study on Challenges and Future Perspectives. Microorganism. 2021, 9(10), 2041.
4. Tiwari N, Chaudhary A, Mishra A. Ethnopharma-cological aspect of Acorus calamus: A Review. Pharmacology online. 2010, 2, 435-445.
5. Kumari S, Shikha RC, Shikha A, Shikha G. The Therapeutic Properties and Applications of Acorus Calamus (Sweet Flag): A Review. Asian Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences. 2022, 24, 1071-1082.
6. Yadav R, Khare RK, Singhal A. Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Shivpuri District (M.P.). International Journal of Life Sciences Research. 2017, 3(1), 844-47.
7. Tiwari N, Chaudhary A, Mishra A, Bhatt G. Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Saponins obtained from the Leaves of Acorus Calamus. Pharmacology online. 2010, 2, 395-400.
8. Dastjerdi R., Montazer M. A Review on the Application of Inorganic Nano-structured Materials in the Modification of Textiles: Focus on Anti-microbial Properties. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2010, 79, 5-18.
9. Chanda W, Joseph TP, Guo XF, Wang WD, Liu M, Vuai MS, Padhiar AA, Zhong MT. Effectiveness of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Microbial Pathogens. Journal of Zheijang University Science B - Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2018, 19(4), 253-262.
10Tiwari N, Sahu SN, Ghosh AK, Kumar PBP. Isolation of β-asarone and Forskolin and Their in Vivo Activity against Stress. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019, 9(1-3), 161.
11. Parham S, Kharazi AZ, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Nur H, Ismail AF, Sharif S, RamaKrishna S, Berto F. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020, 9(12), 1309.
12. Tiwari N, Chaudhary A, Mishra A. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Some Indian Medicinal Plants used for Malaria Therapy. 2010, 335-340.
13. Jadimurthy R, Jagadish, S, Nayak, SC, Kumar S, Mohan CD, Rangappa KS. Phytochemicals as Invaluable Sources of Potent Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. Life. 2023, 13, 948.
14. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Isolation of Principle Active Compound of Acorus Calamus. Vivo Assessment of Pharmacological Activity in the Treatment of Neurobiological Disorder (stress). Journal of Medicinal and Clinical Research. 2014, 2(9), 2201-2212.
15. Tiwari N, Chaudhary A, Mishra A, Bhatt G. Antimicrobial Activity of â-asarone from Acorus calamus leaves. International Journal of Analytical Science. 2010, 1(9), 211.
16. Ahmad M, Wajid M. Plants as Potential Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 2(3), 2222-5668.
17. Tiwari N, Kumar PB, Bhatnagar SK, Ghosh AK. A Review Article for Herbal Drugs as Anxiolytic Activity. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research. 2017, 6(2), 582-589
18. Kaur R, Tiwari N, Patel S, Marvaniya V. A Review Article for Herbal Drugs as Anxiolytic Activity. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research (IJAMSCR). 2017, 5(2), 636-647.
19. Sánchez M, González-Burgos E, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Pharmacological Update Properties of Aloe Vera and its Major Active Constituents. Molecules. 2020, 25(6), 1324.
20. Kumar S, Kalita S, Basumatary IB, Kumar S, Ray S, Mukherjee A. Recent Advances in Therapeutic and Biological Activities of Aloe Vera. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2024, 57, 103084.
21. Ogochukwu AP, Nsofor OU, Chigozie U-UJ, Emmanuel E, Chinemelu OJ, Okwuchukwu AJ, Paschal U, Chisom OJ, Onyinye OC. Phyto-Chemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Aloe Vera Gel against Some Human and Plant Pathogens. International Journal of Phytology Research. 2023, 3(2), 1-6.
22. Tiwari N, Sahu SN, Ghosh AK. Herbal Plants for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Intercontinental Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation and Research. 2019, 6 (3), 170-173
23. Jothi D. Experimental Study on Antimicrobial Activity of Cotton Fabric Treated with Aloe Gel Extract from Aloe Vera Plant for Controlling the Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2009, 3(5), 228-232.
24. Amna S, Huda AG. Aloe Vera Extract: A Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018, 31 (5 [Supp.]), 2123-2130.
25. Zhakipbekov K, Turgumbayeva A, Akhelova S, Bekmuratova K, Blinova O, Utegenova G, Shertaeva K, Sadykov N, Tastambek K, Saginbazarova, A, Urazgaliyev K, Tulegenova G, Zhalimova Z and Karasova Z. Antimicrobial and Other Pharmacological Properties of Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae. Molecules. 2024, 29, 388.
26. Chukwuma IF, Uchendu NO, Asomadu RO, Ezeorba WFC, Ezeorba TPC. African and Holy Basil – A Review of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Toxicity of their Essential Oil: Current Trends and Prospects for Antimicrobial/Anti-parasitic Pharmacology. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2023, 16(7), 104870.
27. Munive Nuñez KV, Abreu ACdS., Almeida JMd, Gonçalves JL, Bonsaglia ÉCR, dos Santos MV, Silva NCC. Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis. Dairy. 2024, 5(1), 54-65.
28. Tajkarimi MM, Ibrahim SA, Cliver DO. Antimicrobial Herb and Spice Compounds in Food. Food Control. 2010, 21, 1199–1218.
29. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Anti-stress Activity of a Bioflavanoid: Quercetin from Euphorbia hirta. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015, 6(2), 68-75.
30. Cui H, Zhang C, Li C, Lin L. Antimicrobial Mechanism of Clove Oil on Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control. 2018, 94, 140-146.
31. Pan Y, Qiao L, Liu S, He Y, Huang D, Wu W, Liu Y, Chen L, Huang D. Explorative Study on Volatile Organic Compounds of Cinnamon Based on GC-IMS. Metabolites. 2024, 14(5), 274.
32. Vasconcelos NG, Croda J, Simionatto S. Antibacterial Mechanisms of Cinnamon and its Constituents: A review. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2018, 120, 198-203.
33. Akram W, Ahmed S, Rihan M, Arora S, Khalid M, Ahmad S, Ahmad F, Haque S, Vashishth R. An Updated Comprehensive Review of the Therapeutic Properties of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). International Journal of Food Properties. 2024, 27(1), 133-164.
34. Sah A, Naseef PP, Kuruniyan MS, Jain GK, Zakir F, Aggarwal G. A Comprehensive Study of Therapeutic Applications of Chamomile. Pharmaceuticals. 2022, 15(10), 1284.
35. Das S, Horváth B, Šafranko S, Jokić S, Széchenyi A, Kőszegi T. Antimicrobial Activity of Chamomile Essential Oil: Effect of Different Formulations. Molecules. 2019, 24(23), 4321.
36. Hojjati M. Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Dill (Anethum graveolens) Essential Oil. Food Science and Technology: Integration for Asean Economic Community Sustainable Development. 2017, 260-263.
37. Jannesar N, Bassiri A, Ghavami M, Chenarbon HA, Tarzi BG, Investigation of Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Microencapsulated Essential Oil using Fluidized Bed Method. Food Chemistry: X. 2024, 101708, 2590-1575.
38. Sameena S, Mukherjee P, Pramanik P, Chatterjee P, Dash N. Antimicrobial Activity of Mint: An Overview. Journal of Advances in Microbiology Research. 2024, 5(1), 1-3.
39. Tiwari N, Mishra A, Bhatt G, Chaudhary A. Evaluation of Antistress Potential of Negundin A from Vitex Negundo in Acute Stress Induced Mice. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2015, 10(1), 1-8.
40. Chen C, Liu CH, Cai J, Zhang W, Qi WL, Wang Z, Liu ZB, Yang Y. Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity, Chemical Composition and Mechanism of Action of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts. Food Control. 2018, 86, 117-125.
41. Singletary, Keith PhD. Ginger: An Overview of Health Benefits. Nutrition Today. 2010, 45(4), 171-183.
42. Tiwari N, Verma L, Jawaid T. Adaptogenic agents: A Review. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2011, 5, 285-304.
43. Aleem M, Khan MDI, Shakshaz FA, Akbari N, Anwar D. Botany, Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale): A Review. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2020, 8 (6), 36-49.
44. Tiwari N, Maheshwari M, Patani P. A Well Known Compounds Beta Asarone and Forskolin and Its in Vivo Activity against Stress. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2019, 6 (2), 582-589.
45. Sales G, Medeiros S, Soares I, Sampaio T, Bandeira M, Nogueira N, Queiroz M. Antifungal and Modulatory Activity of Lemon Balm (Lippia alba (MILL.) N. E. BROWN) Essential Oil. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2022, 90(2), 31.
46. Abakar HO, Bakhiet SE, Abadi RS. Antimicrobial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Aloe Vera Sap and Leaves using Different Extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017, 6(3), 298-303.
47. Predoi D, Iconaru SL, Buton N, Badea ML, Marutescu L. Antimicrobial Activity of New Materials Based on Lavender and Basil Essential Oils and Hydroxyapatite. Nanomaterials. 2018, 8(5), 291.
48. Alejo AO, Ajayi AM, Akinyele BO. Assessing the Antibacterial Properties of Aloe vera (Linn) and Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) against Some Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR). 2024, 9(1), 182-191.
49. Radünz M, da Trindade ML, Camargo TM, Radünz AL, Borges CD, Gandra EA, Helbig E.Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of Unencapsulated and Encapsulated clove (Syzygium aromaticum, L.) Essential oil. Food Chemistry. 2019, 276, 180–186.
50. Babu AJ, RupaSundari A, Indumathi J, Srujan RV, Sravanthi M. Study on the Antimicrobial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Essential Oils of Spices. Veterinary World. 2011, 4(7), 311.
51. Alkuraishy H, Al-Gareeb A, Albuhadilly A, Alwindy S. In vitro Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of Matricaria Chamomile Alcoholic Extract against Pathogenic Bacterial Strains. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2015, 7(2), 55-61.
52. Derakhshan S, Navidinia M, Ahmadi A. Antibacterial Activity of Dill (Anethum graveolens) Essential Oil and Antibiofilm Activity of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Alcoholic Extract. Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology. 2017, 3(4), 122-6.
53. Githaiga BM, Gathuru EM, Waithaka PN, Kiarie LW. Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Mint (Mentha spicata) Leaves on Selected Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Science. 2018, 2(2), 8-14.
54. Oyinlola KA, Ogunleye GE, Balogun AI, Joseph O. Comparative study: Garlic, ginger and turmeric as natural antimicrobials and bioactives. South African Journal of Science. 2024, 120(1-2), 1-7.
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Dec 11, 2024
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Chahna Patel, Dr. Neha Tiwari, & Dr. Pragensh Patani. (2024). A REVIEW ON EXPLORING THE ANTIMICROBIAL POWER OF HERBAL PLANTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(11), 1096-1103. https://doi.org/10.53555/rk6w0538
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Author Biographies
Chahna Patel
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Neha Tiwari
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragensh Patani
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
How to Cite
Chahna Patel, Dr. Neha Tiwari, & Dr. Pragensh Patani. (2024). A REVIEW ON EXPLORING THE ANTIMICROBIAL POWER OF HERBAL PLANTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(11), 1096-1103. https://doi.org/10.53555/rk6w0538