A GROWING CONCERN: MALNUTRITION AND ANEMIA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AT DISTRICT KECH, BALOCHISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Anemia,Children, Gender, Malnutrition, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference, Prevalence
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Malnutrition and anemia are significant health concerns affecting children under five years, leading to increased morbidity and developmental delays.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and association of anemia and malnutrition in children under five years of age.
METHOD: This Cross-sectional study was carried out from Jan 2022 to June 2022 at the Department of Paediatrics, Teaching Hospital Turbat, district Kech. After getting approval from the ethical review committee, 310 children under five years of age of both genders were included in the study using a purposive sampling technique. Diagnosed cases of malnutrition and anemia, undergoing any treatment were excluded from the study. After getting sociodemographic data, the mid-upper arm circumference of the study participants was measured. A 3 ml of venous blood was drawn to measure hematological parameters. The prevalence of anemia and malnutrition was calculated as frequencies. The association of malnutrition and anemia with gender was measured using the Chi-square test. Differences in Hematological parameters among Malnourished and well-nourished subjects were measured using an independent sample t-test.
RESULTS: Among 310 study participants, 207 (66.8%) of the study participants were malnourished. Children aged 12-23 months were among the most affected age group suffering from malnutrition. 84.5% of the children were suffering from anemia. Malnourished participants have a significantly reduced hemoglobin level as compared to well-nourished subjects ( p-value 0.002).
CONCLUSION: Anemia and malnutrition are alarmingly high in children under five years of age in the district of Kech, Balochistan. Malnutrition is associated with anemia.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and association of anemia and malnutrition in children under five years of age.
METHOD: This Cross-sectional study was carried out from Jan 2022 to June 2022 at the Department of Paediatrics, Teaching Hospital Turbat, district Kech. After getting approval from the ethical review committee, 310 children under five years of age of both genders were included in the study using a purposive sampling technique. Diagnosed cases of malnutrition and anemia, undergoing any treatment were excluded from the study. After getting sociodemographic data, the mid-upper arm circumference of the study participants was measured. A 3 ml of venous blood was drawn to measure hematological parameters. The prevalence of anemia and malnutrition was calculated as frequencies. The association of malnutrition and anemia with gender was measured using the Chi-square test. Differences in Hematological parameters among Malnourished and well-nourished subjects were measured using an independent sample t-test.
RESULTS: Among 310 study participants, 207 (66.8%) of the study participants were malnourished. Children aged 12-23 months were among the most affected age group suffering from malnutrition. 84.5% of the children were suffering from anemia. Malnourished participants have a significantly reduced hemoglobin level as compared to well-nourished subjects ( p-value 0.002).
CONCLUSION: Anemia and malnutrition are alarmingly high in children under five years of age in the district of Kech, Balochistan. Malnutrition is associated with anemia.
References
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21. Plecher, H. Pakistan: Literacy rate from 2006 to 2017, total and by gender.2020. https://www. statista.com/statistics/572781/literacy-rate-in-pakistan/#statisticContainer.
22. Gudu E, Obonyo M, Omballa V, Oyugi E, Kiilu C, Githuku J, Gura Z, Ransom J. Factors associated with malnutrition in children< 5 years in western Kenya: a hospital-based unmatched case control study. BMC nutrition. 2020 Dec;6:1-7. doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00357-4
2. Triatmaja NT, Mahmudiono T, Mamun AA, Abdullah NA. Effectiveness of Positive Deviance Approach to Reduce Malnutrition among under Five Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies. J Nutr. 2022;15(8):1961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081961.
3. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Onis M, Ezzati M. Maternal and child under-nutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008:371:243–60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0.
4. Mertens A, Benjamin-Chung J, Colford Jr JM, Hubbard AE, van der Laan MJ, Coyle J, et al. Child wasting and concurrent stunting in low-and middle-income countries. Nature. 2022; 621(7979):558-67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06480-z.
5. Vassilakou T. Childhood malnutrition: time for action. Children. 2021;8(2):103. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020103.
6. Laghari ZA, Soomro AM, Tunio SA, Lashari K, Baloach FG, Baig NM, et al. Mal¬nutrition among children under five years in District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci. 2015; 13: 54-7.
7. Siddiqui F, Salam RA, Lassi ZS, Das JK. The intertwined relationship between malnutrition and poverty. Front public health. 2020; 8:453. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00453.
8. Shinsugi C, Gunasekara D, Takimoto H. Use of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) to predict malnutrition among Sri Lankan schoolchildren. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):168. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010168
9. Sepanlou SG, Parsaeian M, Krohn KJ, Afshin A, Farzadfar F, Roshandel G,et al. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) in Iran and its neighboring countries, 1990–2015: Findings from global burden of disease study 2015. Arch Iran Med. 2017; 20(7): 403 – 418.
10. Harding KL, Aguayo VM, Namirembe G, Webb P. Determinants of anemia among women and children in Nepal and Pakistan: An analysis of recent national survey data. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(S4):e12478. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12478
11. Khaliq A, Wraith D, Miller Y, Nambiar-Mann S. Prevalence, Trends, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Coexisting Forms of Malnutrition Amongst Children under Five Years of Age in Pakistan. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12):4566. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124566.
12. Rahman MS, Mushfiquee M, Masud MS, Howlader T. Association between malnutrition and anemia in under-five children and women of reproductive age: Evidence from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. PloS One. 2019;14(7):e0219170. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219170
13. Zhou D, Shah T, Ali S, Ahmad W, Din IU, Ilyas A. Factors affecting household food security in rural northern hinterland of Pakistan. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2019; 18: 201–210. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.003
14. Asif MU, Aslam MU, Altaf SA. evaluation of nutritional status of children using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC): A study from Pakistan. Pak Pediatr J. 2017;41(3):163-7.
15. Biswas, S., K. Bose, A. Mukhopadhyay, and M. Bhadra. Mid-upper arm circumference based undernutrition among Bengalee Children of Chapra, West Bengal, India. Iran J Pediatr.2010; 20 (1):63–68.
16. Haq IU, Mehmood Z, Khan N, Khan MN, Israr M, Ali Khan E, et al. Risk factors of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) based child malnutrition in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan: a cross-sectional study: child malnutrition in flood-hit areas. Ecol Food Nutr. 2021;60(4):491-507. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2021.1872024.
17. Menghwar B, Laghari ZA, Memon SF, Warsi J, Shaikh SA, Baig NM. Prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years’ age in District Tharparkar Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72:33-6.DOI: https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.20-540.
18. Hadi I, Imtiyaz M, Idrees A, Zafar MS, khan HM, Muhammad UI, et al. Nutritional Assessment By Anthropometric Methods In Children Under Five Years Of Age. Pak Med Stud Res J. 2022;1(1):7-9.
19. Khan L. Anemia among Hospitalized Children-A Study Based on Occurrence, Morphology and Associated Factors. Pak J Med Dent. 2021;10(3):30-5.
20. Lutz, W., R. Muttarak, and Erich. Universal education is key to enhanced climate adaptation. J Science Striessnig.2014; 346 (6213):1061–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257975.
21. Plecher, H. Pakistan: Literacy rate from 2006 to 2017, total and by gender.2020. https://www. statista.com/statistics/572781/literacy-rate-in-pakistan/#statisticContainer.
22. Gudu E, Obonyo M, Omballa V, Oyugi E, Kiilu C, Githuku J, Gura Z, Ransom J. Factors associated with malnutrition in children< 5 years in western Kenya: a hospital-based unmatched case control study. BMC nutrition. 2020 Dec;6:1-7. doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00357-4
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Nov 24, 2022
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How to Cite
Ahmed Hussain, Zulfiqar Ali Laghari, Ayaz Ali Samo, Misbah Munir, Uzma Riaz, Uzma Riaz, & Attaullah. (2022). A GROWING CONCERN: MALNUTRITION AND ANEMIA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AT DISTRICT KECH, BALOCHISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 4450-4456. https://doi.org/10.53555/m3r39v29
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Author Biographies
Ahmed Hussain
PhD Scholar, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Zulfiqar Ali Laghari
Professor, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Ayaz Ali Samo
Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Misbah Munir
Assistant Professor, Paediatrics, Mekran Medical College, Turbat
Uzma Riaz
Associate Professor, Pharmacology, MBBS Medical College, Mir Pur, Azad Kashmir
Uzma Riaz
Associate Professor, Pharmacology, MBBS Medical College, Mir Pur, Azad Kashmir
Attaullah
Assistant Professor, Community Medicine, Mekran Medical College, Turbat
How to Cite
Ahmed Hussain, Zulfiqar Ali Laghari, Ayaz Ali Samo, Misbah Munir, Uzma Riaz, Uzma Riaz, & Attaullah. (2022). A GROWING CONCERN: MALNUTRITION AND ANEMIA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AT DISTRICT KECH, BALOCHISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 4450-4456. https://doi.org/10.53555/m3r39v29