FROM PREDIABETES TO DIABETES: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC PARAMETERS IN GUJRANWALA'S POPULATION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Diabetes, HbA1c, FBG, RBG, Glycemic Control
Abstract
In Pakistan, diabetes is a serious public health concern, as the country has the highest death rate (35.5%) from complications connected to diabetes among those under the age of 60. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is necessary for effective diabetes care in order to avoid or prevent complications and diabetes related morbidities. This study seeks to compare glycemic control, by assessing HbA1c, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), and Random Blood Glucose (RBG) values in various patient groups. Using a longitudinal study design, 50 participants were recruited and divided into four groups: Group I was designated as the control group, Group II as prediabetics, Group III as type 1 diabetics, and Group IV as type 2 diabetes. Three months of HbA1c, FBG, and RBG measurements were used to evaluate the patient's state of glucose management. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards, glucose control was divided into three categories: good glucose control (GGC), moderate glucose control (MGC), and poor glucose control (PGC). The average HbA1c levels improved dramatically in all groups, according to the results: in Type 1 diabetes, they decreased from 9.4% to 6.7%; in Type 2 diabetes, they decreased from 8.2% to 7.1%; and in prediabetics, they decreased from 6.1% to 5.8%. While RBG levels were slightly increased, FBG levels stayed within the usual range. In conclusion, proper assessment and maintenance of glycaemic control in diabetic patients require regular monitoring of HbA1c in addition to FBG and RBG measures.
References
Shaw, J.E., R.A. Sicree, and P.Z. Zimmet, Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract, 2010. 87(1): p. 4-14.
Atlas, I.D. Diabetes around the world in 2021. 2022 [cited 2024 5 March]; Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/.
Subhan, F.B., et al., Dietary Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes in South Asian Populations—A Systematic Review. Curr. Nutr. Rep., 2023. 12(1): p. 39-55.
Worldometer. Pakistan Population (LIVE). 2024 [cited 2024 6 March]; Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/pakistan-population/.
Ijaz, M., I. Ali, and A. Hussain, Diabetes mellitus in Pakistan: the past, present, and future. INT J DIABETES DEV CTRIS, 2020. 40: p. 153-154.
Welle, D., What is driving Pakistan’s alarming diabetes surge?, in The Indian Express. 2022.
Uddin, F., B. Ali, and N. Junaid, Prevalence of diabetic complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients in Pakistan: findings from national registry. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2019. 30(4-Sup).
Eisenbarth, G.S., Type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 1986. 314(21): p. 1360-1368.
Edelman, S.V., Type II diabetes mellitus. Adv. Intern. Med, 1998. 43: p. 449-500.
Buchanan, T.A. and A.H. Xiang, Gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Investig., 2005. 115(3): p. 485-491.
Association, A.D., Standards of medical care in diabetes—2022 abridged for primary care providers. Clin. Diabetes 2022. 40(1): p. 10-38.
Weinstock, R.S., et al., The role of blood glucose monitoring in diabetes management. 2020.
Klonoff, D.C., et al., Use of continuous glucose monitors by people without diabetes: an idea whose time has come? J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 2023. 17(6): p. 1686-1697.
Jeffcoate, S., Diabetes control and complications: the role of glycated haemoglobin, 25 years on. Diabet. Med., 2004. 21(7): p. 657-665.
Kilpatrick, E.S., Glycated haemoglobin in the year 2000. J. Clin. Pathol., 2000. 53(5): p. 335-339.
Sherwani, S.I., et al., Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomark. Insights, 2016. 11: p. BMI.S38440.
Khan, H.A., et al., Evaluation of HbA1c criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study of 12 785 type 2 Saudi male patients. Endocr. Res., 2014. 39(2): p. 62-66.
Arif, M.A., M.K. Rasheed, and A.A. Ismaeel, Association between vitamin D levels and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv. Life Sci., 2024. 11(2): p. 419-424.
Thmail, B.A., M.M. Hussain, and A.R. Farhan, Association between gonadotrophic hormones (FSH and LH) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Adult Iraqi Males: a case-control Study. Adv. Life Sci., 2023. 10: p. 25-29.
Abduallah, A.M., et al., Antidiabetic Effects of Methanolic Extract of Trigonella foenumgraecum Seeds in Diabetic Rats. Pak.Vet. J., 2024. 44(1).
Rizvi, S., et al., A Study on Therapeutic Use of Camel Milk with Metformin on Glycemic Level and Oxidative Stress in Alloxan® Induced Hyperglycemia in Rabbit Model. Pak. Vet. J., 2023.
Thomas, J.J., et al., The influence of stress and coping on diabetes self-care activities among college students. J. Am. Coll. Health, 2023. 71(5): p. 1317-1322.
Association, A.D., Standards of care in diabetes—2023 abridged for primary care providers. Clin. Diabetes 2023. 41(1): p. 4-31.
Kawa, L.B., Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, in Type 2 Diabetes in 2024-From Early Suspicion to Effective Management. 2023, IntechOpen.
Ghosh, J., Recognizing and Predicting the Risk of Malnutrition in the Elderly Using Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review. Int. j. adv. life sci. res., 2024. 7(3): p. 1-14.
Teng, C.L., C.W. Chan, and P.S. Wong, Medication adherence of persons with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia: a scoping review and meta-analysis. J ASEAN Fed. Endocr. Soc., 2022. 37(1): p. 75.
Mohamed, R.A., Metabolic Control and Its Correlates among Diabetic Patients in Aljouf Region. Saudi Arabia, 2023.
Legese, G., et al., Gebrehiwot Lema Legese1, Getahun Asres1, Shitaye Alemu1, Tesfaye Yesuf1, Yeabsira Aklilu Tesfaye1 and Tsegaw Amare2. Front. Endocrinol., 2023.
King, J.K., et al., Emirates Heart Health Project (EHHP): A protocol for a stepped-wedge family-cluster randomized-controlled trial of a health-coach guided diet and exercise intervention to reduce weight and cardiovascular risk in overweight and obese UAE nationals. Plos one, 2023. 18(4): p. e0282502.
Bonora, E., et al., Prevalence and correlates of post-prandial hyperglycaemia in a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 2006. 49(5): p. 846-54.
Ceriello, A., et al., Guideline for management of postmeal glucose. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2008. 18(4): p. S17-33.
Lee, J., et al., Discrepancies between glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose for diagnosing impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus in Korean youth and young adults. Diabetes Metab J., 2019. 43(2): p. 174-182.
Kim, S.G., et al., Assessment of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin-sulfonylurea combination: Results of a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study in Korea. J Diabetes Investig, 2015. 6(3): p. 317-24.
Oyekemi Funke, D., Assessing the validity of random blood glucose testing for monitoring glycemic control and predicting HbA1c values in type 2 diabetics at Karl Bremer Hospital. 2015, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch: Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Muhammad Awais
Department of Pharmacy, Al-Shifa Institute of Health Sciences, Narowal
Kashif-Ur-Rehman
School of Biochemistry, Minhaj University, Lahore
Naeem Rasool
Department of Pharmacy, Al-Shifa Institute of Health Sciences, Narowal
Hafiz Muhammad Aamir Farooq
Department of Operation Theatre Technology, Al-Shifa Institute of Health Sciences, Narowal
Muneeb Sarfraz
Combined Military Hospital, Lahore
Muhammad Mubashar Beig
Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore