EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY OF MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS, PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS IN PAKISTANI HOSPITALS
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Keywords
Surgical Site Infections, Antibiotic Resistance, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Prophylactic Antibiotics, Comorbidities, Nutritional Status
Abstract
Introduction: In healthcare settings, surgical site infections (SSIs) present a major concern, especially in resource-constrained areas like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. This research investigates the interactions between pharmaceutical interventions, physiological impacts, and microbiological factors that affect SSIs in hospitals in KPK. Gaining an understanding of these relationships is essential to enhancing patient outcomes and infection control in such environments.
Methodology: From January, 2020 to June of 2021, cross-sectional research was carried out at many hospitals in KPK, Pakistan. Data on pathogen types, antibiotic resistance trends, prophylactic antibiotic usage, comorbidities, and nutritional condition were gathered from a total of 300 patients with SSIs. To find correlations between these variables and SSI rates, statistical studies were carried out using chi-square tests and logistic regression.
Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Escherichia coli (22%), and Staphylococcus aureus (38%), were the most frequently found pathogens. In 67% of the cases, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found, while 71% of E. coli samples produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Antibiotic prophylaxis considerably decreased the incidence of SSI (OR = 3.21, p < 0.001). Significant risk variables for SSIs were diabetes and low blood albumin levels. Infections also resulted in considerably longer hospital stays (12.6 days vs to 7.4 days for individuals without infections).
Conclusion: Antibiotic-resistant organisms are widely present in the research, which also emphasizes the crucial role that nutritional status and comorbidities play in the development of SSIs. Targeted interventions—like improved infection management, customized antibiotic usage, and preoperative nutritional assessments—are crucial to improving outcomes. Reducing SSI incidence and improving surgical outcomes in KPK hospitals need addressing these variables.
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Dr Aligohar Khan
Head of Department, General Surgery, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar Cantt, Pakistan.
Dr Iram Bashir
Assistant Professor, General Surgery, Gomal Medical College, DI Khan Pakistan.
Dr Ilyas Fiaz
Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad Pakistan.
Dr Bilquees Saba
Senior Registrar, Consultant Nephrologist, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi Pakistan
Saima Amin
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Pakistan
Dr Saadia Hamid
Senior Lecturer Community Medicine, Frontier Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad Pakistan
Inam-U-Llah
Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Haripur, Pakistan