POSTMENOPAUSAL HORMONE USAGE AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Postmenopausal Hormone Use, Type 2 Diabetes, Risk Factors, Obesity, Physical Activity, Postmenopausal Women
Abstract
Background: Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) is a popular treatment choice for treating menopausal symptoms and is utilized by postmenopausal women all over the globe. HT is known to positively impact general health and relieve symptoms, including maintaining bone mineral density and lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Objectives: This main objective of the study was to determine postmenopausal hormone usage and the likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes in 100 postmenopausal women at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan; the specific goals were to define the features of the research population, evaluate the relationship between diabetes and postmenopausal hormone usage, and pinpoint risk factors for Type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women.
Methods: The research was carried out at the Hayatabad Medical Complex from January 2023 to January 2024. The research's participants included 100 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 65, from the same institution who had been on postmenopausal hormone treatment for at least three months before the trial. Through blood tests (fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c), participants' risk of developing diabetes was evaluated. Additionally evaluated were other variables, including medical history, body mass index, and lifestyle choices that can influence the chance of getting Type 2 diabetes. Data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire, and descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the results. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 23.
Results: Postmenopausal hormone usage and risk of Type 2 diabetes were significantly correlated, according to the findings (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence range, 1.4-5.1; P 0.001). Compared to women who did not take postmenopausal hormone treatment, those who did had a nearly threefold increased risk of diabetes. The research also found that obesity, a family history of diabetes, dining often away from home, and a lack of physical exercise were all substantially linked to an elevated risk of Type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women (P 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is a significant relationship between the usage of postmenopausal hormones and the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women. Additionally, postmenopausal women were much more likely to have Type 2 diabetes if they were obese, had a family history of diabetes, often ate out, and engaged in low levels of physical exercise.
References
2. Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Pavlou DI, Vryonidou A, Goulis DG, Lambrinoudaki I. Diabetes in menopause: risks and management. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2018 doi: 10.2174/1570161116666180625124405. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
3. Szmuilowicz ED, Stuenkel CA, Seely EW. Influence of menopause on diabetes and diabetes risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:553–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Paschou SA, Marina LV, Spartalis E, et al. Therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women after menopause. Maturitas. 2019;126:69–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Goulis DG, Lambrinoudaki I. Diet and lifestyle for post-reproductive health: focus on diabetes. Case Rep Women’s Health. 2018;18:e00056. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. EMAS care on-line Section 7: hormone therapy in women with coexisting medical conditions. http://www.emas-online.org/guidelines/88/57/emas-care-online.html. Last Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
7. Slopien R, Wender-Ozegowska E, Rogowicz-Frontczak A, et al. Menopause and diabetes: EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas. 2018;117:6–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl 1). [PubMed]
9. Lambrinoudaki I, Brincat M, Erel CT, et al. EMAS position statement: managing obese postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2010;66:323–326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988–2012. JAMA. 2015;314:1021–1029. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, et al. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2366–2373. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Matthews KA, Gibson CJ, El Khoudary SR, Thurston RC. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors by hysterectomy status with and without oophorectomy: study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:191–200. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Park SK, Harlow SD, Zheng H, Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Thurston RC, Ruppert K, et al. Association between changes in oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the menopausal transition and risk of diabetes. Diabet Med. 2017;34:531–538. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Brand JS, van der Schouw YT, Onland-Moret NC, et al. Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk: results from the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1012–1019. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Shen L, Song L, Li H, et al. Association between earlier age at natural menopause and risk of diabetes in middle-aged and older Chinese women: the Dongfeng–Tongji cohort study. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43:345–350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Malacara JM, Huerta R, Rivera B, Esparza S, Fajardo ME. Menopause in normal and uncomplicated NIDDM women: physical and emotional symptoms and hormone profile. Maturitas. 1997;28:35–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Tahir Zaman Khan
Medical Officer Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Institute Of Kidney Diseases (IKD) - MTI- HMC Hayatabad Peshawar
Maria iqbal
Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar
Amir jalal
Assistant Professor Department of Biochemistry, Sahara Medical College, Narowal
Shaista Ghumro
Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mir's Sindh Pakistan
Aman Bint Nasir
Dietitian Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal
Madiha iqbal
WMO, Civil dispensary Gulbhar- 2
Rida Haider
Department of Precision Medicine, University of Palermo Italy