GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO THYROID TUMOR PROGRESSION: FROM ADENOMA TO ANAPLASTIC CANCER
Main Article Content
Keywords
Thyroid Carcinoma, Molecular Markers, Thyroid neoplasms, Follicular adenoma, Follicular cancer, Papillary carcinoma, Anaplastic cancer, Genome instability, Diagnostic accuracy, reatment efficacy
Abstract
Background: Thyroid neoplasms exhibit a diverse evolutionary trajectory, suggesting distinct pathways from normal thyroid cells to malignancy.
Methods: Molecular changes initiating follicular adenoma formation likely precede progression to follicular cancer. Papillary carcinoma, however, may evolve via a separate pathway, bypassing follicular adenoma. Subsequent genetic alterations can lead to anaplastic cancer, significantly impacting prognosis.
Results: Genome instability predisposes thyroid tumour cells to molecular alterations, with proto-oncogene changes occurring early and suppressor gene mutations typically occurring later. These changes contribute to aggressive or invasive behaviours, potentially influencing clinical outcomes.
Conclusion: Advances in understanding genetic alterations in thyroid oncogenesis offer promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy, thereby improving outcomes for thyroid malignancies.
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33. Xu, B., et al. (2024). "Molecular Profile of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) and Its Impact on Tumour Characteristics and Clinical Outcome: An International Multicentric Study of 290 Patients."
34. Yu, W., et al. (2024). "Identification of 10 differentially expressed and cuproptosis-related genes in immune infiltration and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma." Cellular and Molecular Biology 70(3): 89-94.
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2. Belfiore, A., et al. (2024). "OPEN ACCESS EDITED AND REVIEWED BY." New molecular pathways in thyroid cancer and pathophysiology: Role of coding and noncoding genes: 4.
3. Califano, I., et al. (2024). "Advances in the management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: transforming a life-threatening condition into a potentially treatable disease." Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 25(1): 123-147.
4. Chiba, T. (2024). "Molecular Pathology of Thyroid Tumours: Essential Points to Comprehend Regarding the Latest WHO Classification." Biomedicines 12(4): 712.
5. DeBoy, E. A., et al. (2024). "Telomere-lengthening germline variants predispose to a syndromic papillary thyroid cancer subtype." The American Journal of Human Genetics.
6. Deng, J., et al. (2024). "PFKFB3 facilitates cell proliferation and migration in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma via the WNT/β‐catenin signalling pathway." Endocrine: 1-14.
7. Guan, Z., et al. (2024). "A Cuproptosis-Related Gene Signature as a Prognostic Biomarker in Thyroid Cancer Based on Transcriptomics." Biochemical Genetics: 1-21.
8. Gulec, S. A. and E. Meneses (2024). "Theranostic Risk Stratification for Thyroid Cancer in the Genomic Paradigm." Cancers 16(8): 1585.
9. Guo, M., et al. (2024). "Advances in targeted therapy and biomarker research in thyroid cancer." Frontiers in Endocrinology 15: 1372553.
10. Higgins, K. E. et al. (2024). "Columnar Cell Thyroid Carcinoma: A Heterogeneous Entity Demonstrating Overlap Between Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Follicular Neoplasms." Head and Neck Pathology 18(1): 39.
11. Iacobas, D. A. and S. Iacobas (2024). "Papillary Thyroid Cancer Remodels the Genetic Information Processing Pathways." Genes 15(5): 621.
12. Ju, G., et al. (2024). "Fusion oncogenes in patients with locally advanced or distant metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 109(2): 505-515.
13. Kalfert, D., et al. (2024). "BRAF mutation, selected miRNAs and genes expression in primary papillary thyroid carcinomas and local lymph node metastases." Pathology-Research and Practice: 155319.
14. Lasolle, H., et al. (2024). "Dual targeting of MAPK and PI3K pathways unlocks redifferentiation of Braf-mutated thyroid cancer organoids." Oncogene 43(3): 155-170.
15. Li, Z., et al. (2024). "DNMT1/DNMT3a-mediated promoter hypermethylation and transcription activation of ICAM5 augments thyroid carcinoma progression." Functional & Integrative Genomics 24(1): 1-14.
16. Lin, Q., et al. (2024). "Identification of potential biomarkers in follicular thyroid carcinoma: bioinformatics and immunohistochemical analyses." Oncologie(0).
17. Liu, Q., et al. (2024). "Comparative efficiency of differential diagnostic methods for identifying BRAF V600E gene mutation in papillary thyroid cancer." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27(4): 1-12.
18. Mu, Z., et al. (2024). "Characterizing genetic alterations related to radioiodine avidity in metastatic thyroid cancer." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 109(5): 1231-1240.
19. Murugan, A. K., et al. (2024). "LncRNA GAS8-AS1 dinucleotide genetic variants. 713A> G, n. 714T> C is associated with early-stage disease, lymph node, and distant metastasis in differentiated thyroid cancer." Endocrine: 1-11.
20. Nabata, K. J., et al. (2024). "To infinity and beyond: A historical bibliometric analysis of medullary thyroid carcinoma." The American Journal of Surgery.
21. Ray, M., et al. (2024). "In silico annotation of follicular thyroid neoplasm associated metabolic pathways and involved biomarkers: An aid to diagnosis." Human Gene 40: 201275.
22. Rodrigues, L., et al. (2024). "Unraveling the Significance of DGCR8 and miRNAs in Thyroid Carcinoma." Cells 13(7): 561.
23. Saeed-Vafa, D., et al. (2024). "RET splice site variants in medullary thyroid carcinoma." Frontiers in Genetics 15: 1377158.
24. Shobab, L. et al. (2024). "Sex-Specific Expression of Histone Lysine Demethylases (KDMs) in Thyroid Cancer." Cancers 16(7): 1260.
25. Smith, E. R., et al. (2024). "Molecular characteristics of isthmus papillary thyroid cancers: Supporting evidence for unfavourable clinical behaviour." The American Journal of Surgery 228: 146-150.
26. Soboska, K., et al. (2024). "Expression of RASSF1A, DIRAS3, and AKAP9 Genes in Thyroid Lesions: Implications for Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis of Thyroid Carcinomas." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(1): 562.
27. Sun, M., et al. (2024). "Novel molecular typing reveals the risk of recurrence in patients with early-stage papillary thyroid cancer." Thyroid Research 17(1): 7.
28. Tous, C., et al. (2024). "Delving into the Role of lncRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Upregulation of LINC00887 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Growth and Invasion." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(3): 1587.
29. Turner, N., et al. (2024). "Emerging Therapeutic Options for Follicular-Derived Thyroid Cancer in the Era of Immunotherapy." Frontiers in Immunology 15: 1369780.
30. Wang, Y., et al. (2024). Molecular Classification of Thyroid Tumours and Key Molecular Features to Identify High-Grade Thyroid Carcinomas. Thyroid FNA Cytology: Differential Diagnoses and Pitfalls, Springer: 139-146.
31. Wang, Y., et al. (2024). "Elevated PDE4C level serves as a candidate diagnostic biomarker and correlates with poor survival in thyroid carcinoma," Scientific Reports 14(1): 6813.
32. Wang, Z., et al. (2024). "Multi-omics clustering analysis carries out the molecular specific subtypes of thyroid carcinoma: implicating for the precise treatment strategies." medRxiv: 2024.2002. 2025.24303184.
33. Xu, B., et al. (2024). "Molecular Profile of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) and Its Impact on Tumour Characteristics and Clinical Outcome: An International Multicentric Study of 290 Patients."
34. Yu, W., et al. (2024). "Identification of 10 differentially expressed and cuproptosis-related genes in immune infiltration and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma." Cellular and Molecular Biology 70(3): 89-94.
35. Yun, K. M. and E. E. Cohen (2024). "An Era of advances in systemic therapies for advanced thyroid cancer." JCO Oncology Practice: OP. 23.00747.
36. Zhao, S., et al. (2024). "Pathogenesis and signalling pathways related to iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer." Frontiers in Endocrinology 14: 1320044.
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Published
Sep 25, 2024
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How to Cite
Khalida Unar, Dr Rabia Jaffar, Muhammad Suleman Ejaz, Sri Pranita Cherukuri, Tariq Rafique, & Syed Bahaudddin Shah. (2024). GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO THYROID TUMOR PROGRESSION: FROM ADENOMA TO ANAPLASTIC CANCER. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 1766-1774. https://doi.org/10.53555/h6334645
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Author Biographies
Khalida Unar
Assistant Professor, Institute of microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Sindh, Pakistan
Dr Rabia Jaffar
MBBS, MRCP(UK), Currently Working in Acute Medicine NHS UK
Muhammad Suleman Ejaz
MBBS Graduate, University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
Sri Pranita Cherukuri
MBBS; MPH, Columbia University, New York, United State
Tariq Rafique
Assistant Professor, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistan
Syed Bahaudddin Shah
Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
How to Cite
Khalida Unar, Dr Rabia Jaffar, Muhammad Suleman Ejaz, Sri Pranita Cherukuri, Tariq Rafique, & Syed Bahaudddin Shah. (2024). GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO THYROID TUMOR PROGRESSION: FROM ADENOMA TO ANAPLASTIC CANCER. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 1766-1774. https://doi.org/10.53555/h6334645