INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED BIOMARKERS IN INTERNAL MEDICINE ENHANCING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY AND PREDICTING OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC DISEASES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Biomarkers, Internal Medicine, Chronic Diseases, Diagnostic Accuracy, Personalized Medicine, Healthcare Barriers, Standardized Guidelines, Ethical Concerns, Socioeconomic Barriers, Clinical Practice.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this proposal is to determine how internal medicine can incorporate newly discovered biomarkers as accurate diagnostic tools that can also be used to estimate patients’ prognosis of chronic illnesses. The study aims to assess the challenges that may hinder biomarkers' use in clinical practice and evaluate the effects produced by such aspirations. Objective: The first aim is to determine the views of healthcare workers on the utility of biomarkers in chronic disease management, the second is to understand the difficulties centred on the implementation of biomarkers, and the third aim is to examine the use of biomarkers in guiding treatment decisions.
Methodology: A quantitative research approach was adopted and the cross-sectional survey was designed using a structured questionnaire that was completed by 200 medical workers and students. Data collected included demographics, prior knowledge about biomarkers and the opinions they hold regarding the utility of biomarkers in clinical practice. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and Chi-square tests were performed to establish coefficients between the identified variables and the demographic characteristics of the study participants to determine the significance of the biomarkers used. This also involved using bar charts, scatter plots and heat maps to present the results in a more presentable manner. For instance, the bar charts were used to contrast demographic variables regarding biomarker opinions, while heat mapping was utilized to show a correlation between categorical variables such as age and familiarity with biomarkers.
Results: It is worth noting that there is an agreement with the identified biomarkers with regards to their importance and they do not differ considerably by age, gender or educational level (T-Test t = 0. 98, p = 0. 33-Aggregated ANOVA F = 0. 14, p = 0. 97). Nevertheless, specific challenges to adoption were also stated with refer to a lack of consistent protocol by 72% of the respondents and high costs and the need for special equipment by 64%. Chi-Square analysis revealed that age had no impact on awareness of biomarkers (Chi-square = 10. 05, p = 0. 61), Gender on the perception of biomarkers in chronic disease (Chi-square = 3. 23, p = 0. 92) and Profession on Improvement in Diagnostic Accuracy (Chi-square = 11. 27, p = 0. 50). The above findings were supported by graphical indications, examples which include- depiction of expected frequencies in patterned distribution across different demographic groups, as presented below. The correlation analysis also showed that there is a non-significantly small negative relationship between education background and level of biomarker integration (r = -0. 06, p = 0. 40). In addition, the results indicated that only 38% of respondents use biomarkers frequently in treatment and this is also manifested by indicating small bars in the bar charts showing cross-tabulation between professional category.
Practical Implications: This analysis shows a necessity for standardizing the biomarker usage and delivering constant sensitization of HC professionals to counteract barriers to biomarkers’ integration. That is why ethical issues and equitable distribution of biomarkers and their applications including in diagnostics and treatment must be an integrated part of the strategy. Novelty: Thus, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the perceptions and barriers to the use of biomarkers in internal medicine with fresh insight into the existing implementation gap between biomarkers and the practical world., statistical and graphical analysis which enriches the understanding of these challenges.
Conclusion: While biomarkers’ utility for the management of chronic diseases has been acknowledged, some challenges reduce the use of biomarkers in clinical care. The study calls for further research to find specific strategies to tackle these issues with specific recommendations that include establishing checklists for biomarker incorporation, improving training approaches and formulating policies to enhance biomarker utilization for better patient results.
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Krisli Serani
Anesthesia and Reanimation Specialist, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University of Medicine Tirana Albania/ Memorial Hospital Fier Albania, Albania
Waseem Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
Moeez Saqib
House officer, Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Islam Mazahirul
Science College, Department of Biology, PO Box No 2097, Jazan University, Postal Code 45142, Jizan.