PIN-SITE CARE WITH MEDI-HONEY™ VERSUS POVIDONE IODINE GAUZE-BASED DRESSINGS AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN NIGERIA: ANY DIFFERENCE IN ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECTS?
Main Article Content
Keywords
External fixators, pin site care, pin site infection, leptospermum honey, povidone iodine
Abstract
Background: This research aimed at comparing the development of infections as well as the number and types of bacteria at the pin-site (area around small metallic rods used to treat fractures), comparing weekly pin site care with povidone iodine-soaked gauze versus weekly pin site care with a special type of honey (Medi-Honey™) in the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma. To compare the incidence of pin site infection for the two intervention arms – the Medi-Honey and povidone iodine groups. Bacterial load at the pin-site five-days post-operation, the post-operative day that pin site infection was noted and grade of the pin site infection that may be observed.
Methodology: Fifty patients undergoing external fixation in the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University College Hospital Ibadan, were recruited via block randomization into two intervention arms for this randomized clinical trial. A data spread sheet was filled to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics of the patients, type of pin device, part of the body, reasons for surgery, type of pin-site dressing, site of pin-to-skin interphase swab, types of bacteria, number of bacteria, the day first sign of pin-site infection was noticed as well as the number of pin-sites infected and their site. The information collated from the patients was analysed using statistical software SPSS 21.
Results: From this study Medi-Honey was found to have a reduced rate of pin site infection than povidone iodine, with a chi square value of 7.49 and a p value of 0.001, which is statistically significant.
Conclusion: The results showed that external fixator pins dressed with Medi-Honey™ had a lower infection rate and risk for infection than those dressed with povidone iodine.
References
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2. Marin LE, McBroom DB, Caban G. Percutaneous reduction and external fixation for foot and ankle fractures. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2008;25(4):721-732, x. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2008.05.002
3. Pfahler M, Krodel A, Tritschler A, Zenta S. Role of internal and external fixation in ankle fusion. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1996;115(3-4):146-148. doi:10.1007/BF00434542
4. Handelsman JE, Weinberg J, Razi A, Mulley DA. The role of AO external fixation in proximal femoral osteotomies in the pediatric neuromuscular population. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2004;13(5):303-307. doi:10.1097/01202412-200409000-00004
5. Bini A, Surace MF, Pilato G. Complex articular fractures of the distal radius: the role of closed reduction and external fixation. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2008;33(3):305-310. doi:10.1177/1753193408087092
6. Osman W, Alaya Z, Kaziz H, et al. Treatment of high-energy pilon fractures using the ILIZAROV treatment. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;27. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.27.199.11066
7. Thakur AJ, Patankar J. Open tibial fractures. Treatment by uniplanar external fixation and early bone grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73(3):448-451. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.73B3.1670447
8. Ahlborg HG, Josefsson PO. Pin-tract complications in external fixation of fractures of the distal radius. Acta Orthop Scand. 1999;70(2):116-118. doi:10.3109/17453679909011246
9. Parameswaran AD, Roberts CS, Seligson D, Voor M. Pin tract infection with contemporary external fixation: how much of a problem? J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17(7):503-507. doi:10.1097/00005131-200308000-00005
10. Mostafavi HR, Tornetta P. Open fractures of the humerus treated with external fixation. Clin Orthop. 1997;(337):187-197. doi:10.1097/00003086-199704000-00021
11. Schalamon J, Dampf S, Singer G, et al. Evaluation of fractures in children and adolescents in a Level I Trauma Center in Austria. J Trauma. 2011;71(2):E19-25. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181f8a903
12. Antoci V, Ono CM, Antoci V, Raney EM. Pin-tract infection during limb lengthening using external fixation. Am J Orthop Belle Mead NJ. 2008;37(9):E150-154.
13. Ogbemudia AO, Bafor A, Ogbemudia EJ, Edomwonyi E. Efficacy of 1 % silver sulphadiazine dressings in preventing infection of external fixation pin-tracks: a randomized study. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2015;10(2):95-99. doi:10.1007/s11751-015-0226-2
14. Stewart RG, Hammer N, Kieser DC. External fixation of unstable pelvic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89(9):1022-1027. doi:10.1111/ans.15027
15. Aktuglu K, Erol K, Vahabi A. Ilizarov bone transport and treatment of critical-sized tibial bone defects: a narrative review. J Orthop Traumatol Off J Ital Soc Orthop Traumatol. 2019;20(1):22. doi:10.1186/s10195-019-0527-1
16. Jansen MP, Mastbergen SC, van Heerwaarden RJ, et al. Knee joint distraction in regular care for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A comparison with clinical trial data. Farouk O, ed. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227975. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227975
17. Mohammed RM, Atinga EO, Sitati FC, Gakuya EM. Pin tract infection after uniplanar external fixation of open fractures at a national, teaching and referral hospital. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2017;22(1):42. doi:10.4314/ecajs.v22i1.6
18. Ogbemudia AO, Bafor A, Edomwonyi E, Enemudo R. Prevalence of Pin Tract Infection: The Role of Combined Silver Sulphadiazine and Chlorhexidine Dressing. Niger J Clin Pract. 2010;13(3). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njcp/article/view/59717
19. Egol KA, Paksima N, Puopolo S, Klugman J, Hiebert R, Koval KJ. Treatment of external fixation pins about the wrist: a prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(2):349-354. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00011
20. Kazmers NH, Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR. Prevention of pin site infection in external fixation: a review of the literature. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2016;11(2):75-85. doi:10.1007/s11751-016-0256-4
21. Davies R, Holt N, Nayagam S. The care of pin sites with external fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(5):716-719. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B5.15623
22. Wikenheiser MA, Markel MD, Lewallen DG, Chao EY. Thermal response and torque resistance of five cortical half-pins under simulated insertion technique. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc. 1995;13(4):615-619. doi:10.1002/jor.1100130418
23. Mahan J, Seligson D, Henry SL, Hynes P, Dobbins J. Factors in pin tract infections. Orthopedics. 1991;14(3):305-308.
24. Patterson MM. Multicenter pin care study. Orthop Nurs. 2005;24(5):349-360. doi:10.1097/00006416-200509000-00011
25. Yuenyongviwat V, Tangtrakulwanich B. Prevalence of pin-site infection: the comparison between silver sulfadiazine and dry dressing among open tibial fracture patients. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 2011;94(5):566-569.
26. Camilo AM, Bongiovanni JC. Evaluation of effectiveness of 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine solution against infections in wire and pin holes for Ilizarov external fixators. Sao Paulo Med J Rev Paul Med. 2005;123(2):58-61. doi:10.1590/s1516-31802005000200005
27. Grant S, Kerr D, Wallis M, Pitchford D. Comparison of povidone-iodine solution and soft white paraffin ointment in the management of skeletal pin-sites: A pilot study. J Orthop Nurs. 2005;9(4):218-225. doi:10.1016/j.joon.2005.09.005
28. Lee CK, Chua YP, Saw A. Antimicrobial gauze as a dressing reduces pin site infection: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop. 2012;470(2):610-615. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1990-z
29. Bigliardi PL, Alsagoff SAL, El-Kafrawi HY, Pyon JK, Wa CTC, Villa MA. Povidone iodine in wound healing: A review of current concepts and practices. Int J Surg. 2017;44:260-268. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.073
30. Kanagalingam J, Feliciano R, Hah JH, Labib H, Le TA, Lin JC. Practical use of povidone-iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections. Int J Clin Pract. 2015;69(11):1247-1256. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12707
31. Lachapelle JM, Castel O, Casado AF, et al. Antiseptics in the era of bacterial resistance: a focus on povidone iodine. Clin Pract. 2013;10(5):579-592. doi:10.2217/cpr.13.50
32. Niedner R. Cytotoxicity and sensitization of povidone-iodine and other frequently used anti-infective agents. Dermatol Basel Switz. 1997;195 Suppl 2:89-92. doi:10.1159/000246038
33. Chan CK, Saw A, Kwan MK, Karina R. Diluted povidone-iodine versus saline for dressing metal-skin interfaces in external fixation. J Orthop Surg Hong Kong. 2009;17(1):19-22. doi:10.1177/230949900901700105
34. Leaper DJ, Durani P. Topical antimicrobial therapy of chronic wounds healing by secondary intention using iodine products. Int Wound J. 2008;5(2):361-368. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00406.x
35. Motuma A abeshu, bekesho geleta. Medicinal Uses of Honey. Biol Med. 2016;8(2):279. doi:10.4172/0974-8369.1000279
36. Simon A, Sofka K, Wiszniewsky G, Blaser G, Bode U, Fleischhack G. Wound care with antibacterial honey (Medihoney) in pediatric hematology–oncology. Support Care Cancer. 2006;14(1):91-97. doi:10.1007/s00520-005-0874-8
37. Lazarides AL, Hamid KS, Kerzner MS. Novel Use of Active Leptospermum Honey for Ringed Fixator Pin Site Care in Diabetic Charcot Deformity Patients. Foot Ankle Spec. 2018;11(2):117-122. doi:10.1177/1938640017709907
38. Mandal MD, Mandal S. Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):154-160. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6
39. Gulati S, Qureshi A, Srivastava A, Kataria K, Kumar P, Ji AB. A Prospective Randomized Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Honey Dressing vs. Povidone Iodine Dressing in Chronic Wound Healing. Indian J Surg. 2014;76(3):193-198. doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0682-6
40. Adeyekun A, Obi-Egbedi-Ejakpovi E. Computerised tomographic patterns in patients with head injury at the university of Benin teaching hospital. Niger J Clin Pract. 2013;16(1):19. doi:10.4103/1119-3077.106717
41. Morgado FL, Rossi LA. Correlação entre a escala de coma de Glasgow e os achados de imagem de tomografia computadorizada em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico. Radiol Bras. 2011;44(1):35-41. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842011000100010
42. Suresh K. An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):8-11. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82352
43. Azer A, Mohamed HaA. Outcome of Pin Tract Care in Sudanese Patients Treated with Ilizarov. Sci Acad Publ. 2020;10(1):1-11. doi:10.5923/j.cmd.20201001.01
44. Cheung GYC, Rigby K, Wang R, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis Strategies to Avoid Killing by Human Neutrophils. Gilmore MS, ed. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(10):e1001133. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001133
45. Tonks AJ, Cooper RA, Jones KP, Blair S, Parton J, Tonks A. Honey stimulates inflammatory cytokine production from monocytes. Cytokine. 2003;21(5):242-247. doi:10.1016/s1043-4666(03)00092-9
46. Abuharfeil N, Al-Oran R, Abo-Shehada M. The Effect of Bee Honey on the Proliferative Activity of Human B-and T-Lymphocytes and the Activity of Phagocytes. Food Agric Immunol. 1999;11(2):169-177. doi:10.1080/09540109999843
47. Al-Waili NS, Haq A. Effect of Honey on Antibody Production Against Thymus-Dependent and Thymus-Independent Antigens in Primary and Secondary Immune Responses. J Med Food. 2004;7(4):491-494. doi:10.1089/jmf.2004.7.491
2. Marin LE, McBroom DB, Caban G. Percutaneous reduction and external fixation for foot and ankle fractures. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2008;25(4):721-732, x. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2008.05.002
3. Pfahler M, Krodel A, Tritschler A, Zenta S. Role of internal and external fixation in ankle fusion. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1996;115(3-4):146-148. doi:10.1007/BF00434542
4. Handelsman JE, Weinberg J, Razi A, Mulley DA. The role of AO external fixation in proximal femoral osteotomies in the pediatric neuromuscular population. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2004;13(5):303-307. doi:10.1097/01202412-200409000-00004
5. Bini A, Surace MF, Pilato G. Complex articular fractures of the distal radius: the role of closed reduction and external fixation. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2008;33(3):305-310. doi:10.1177/1753193408087092
6. Osman W, Alaya Z, Kaziz H, et al. Treatment of high-energy pilon fractures using the ILIZAROV treatment. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;27. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.27.199.11066
7. Thakur AJ, Patankar J. Open tibial fractures. Treatment by uniplanar external fixation and early bone grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73(3):448-451. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.73B3.1670447
8. Ahlborg HG, Josefsson PO. Pin-tract complications in external fixation of fractures of the distal radius. Acta Orthop Scand. 1999;70(2):116-118. doi:10.3109/17453679909011246
9. Parameswaran AD, Roberts CS, Seligson D, Voor M. Pin tract infection with contemporary external fixation: how much of a problem? J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17(7):503-507. doi:10.1097/00005131-200308000-00005
10. Mostafavi HR, Tornetta P. Open fractures of the humerus treated with external fixation. Clin Orthop. 1997;(337):187-197. doi:10.1097/00003086-199704000-00021
11. Schalamon J, Dampf S, Singer G, et al. Evaluation of fractures in children and adolescents in a Level I Trauma Center in Austria. J Trauma. 2011;71(2):E19-25. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181f8a903
12. Antoci V, Ono CM, Antoci V, Raney EM. Pin-tract infection during limb lengthening using external fixation. Am J Orthop Belle Mead NJ. 2008;37(9):E150-154.
13. Ogbemudia AO, Bafor A, Ogbemudia EJ, Edomwonyi E. Efficacy of 1 % silver sulphadiazine dressings in preventing infection of external fixation pin-tracks: a randomized study. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2015;10(2):95-99. doi:10.1007/s11751-015-0226-2
14. Stewart RG, Hammer N, Kieser DC. External fixation of unstable pelvic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89(9):1022-1027. doi:10.1111/ans.15027
15. Aktuglu K, Erol K, Vahabi A. Ilizarov bone transport and treatment of critical-sized tibial bone defects: a narrative review. J Orthop Traumatol Off J Ital Soc Orthop Traumatol. 2019;20(1):22. doi:10.1186/s10195-019-0527-1
16. Jansen MP, Mastbergen SC, van Heerwaarden RJ, et al. Knee joint distraction in regular care for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A comparison with clinical trial data. Farouk O, ed. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227975. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227975
17. Mohammed RM, Atinga EO, Sitati FC, Gakuya EM. Pin tract infection after uniplanar external fixation of open fractures at a national, teaching and referral hospital. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2017;22(1):42. doi:10.4314/ecajs.v22i1.6
18. Ogbemudia AO, Bafor A, Edomwonyi E, Enemudo R. Prevalence of Pin Tract Infection: The Role of Combined Silver Sulphadiazine and Chlorhexidine Dressing. Niger J Clin Pract. 2010;13(3). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njcp/article/view/59717
19. Egol KA, Paksima N, Puopolo S, Klugman J, Hiebert R, Koval KJ. Treatment of external fixation pins about the wrist: a prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(2):349-354. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00011
20. Kazmers NH, Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR. Prevention of pin site infection in external fixation: a review of the literature. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2016;11(2):75-85. doi:10.1007/s11751-016-0256-4
21. Davies R, Holt N, Nayagam S. The care of pin sites with external fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(5):716-719. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B5.15623
22. Wikenheiser MA, Markel MD, Lewallen DG, Chao EY. Thermal response and torque resistance of five cortical half-pins under simulated insertion technique. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc. 1995;13(4):615-619. doi:10.1002/jor.1100130418
23. Mahan J, Seligson D, Henry SL, Hynes P, Dobbins J. Factors in pin tract infections. Orthopedics. 1991;14(3):305-308.
24. Patterson MM. Multicenter pin care study. Orthop Nurs. 2005;24(5):349-360. doi:10.1097/00006416-200509000-00011
25. Yuenyongviwat V, Tangtrakulwanich B. Prevalence of pin-site infection: the comparison between silver sulfadiazine and dry dressing among open tibial fracture patients. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 2011;94(5):566-569.
26. Camilo AM, Bongiovanni JC. Evaluation of effectiveness of 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine solution against infections in wire and pin holes for Ilizarov external fixators. Sao Paulo Med J Rev Paul Med. 2005;123(2):58-61. doi:10.1590/s1516-31802005000200005
27. Grant S, Kerr D, Wallis M, Pitchford D. Comparison of povidone-iodine solution and soft white paraffin ointment in the management of skeletal pin-sites: A pilot study. J Orthop Nurs. 2005;9(4):218-225. doi:10.1016/j.joon.2005.09.005
28. Lee CK, Chua YP, Saw A. Antimicrobial gauze as a dressing reduces pin site infection: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop. 2012;470(2):610-615. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1990-z
29. Bigliardi PL, Alsagoff SAL, El-Kafrawi HY, Pyon JK, Wa CTC, Villa MA. Povidone iodine in wound healing: A review of current concepts and practices. Int J Surg. 2017;44:260-268. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.073
30. Kanagalingam J, Feliciano R, Hah JH, Labib H, Le TA, Lin JC. Practical use of povidone-iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections. Int J Clin Pract. 2015;69(11):1247-1256. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12707
31. Lachapelle JM, Castel O, Casado AF, et al. Antiseptics in the era of bacterial resistance: a focus on povidone iodine. Clin Pract. 2013;10(5):579-592. doi:10.2217/cpr.13.50
32. Niedner R. Cytotoxicity and sensitization of povidone-iodine and other frequently used anti-infective agents. Dermatol Basel Switz. 1997;195 Suppl 2:89-92. doi:10.1159/000246038
33. Chan CK, Saw A, Kwan MK, Karina R. Diluted povidone-iodine versus saline for dressing metal-skin interfaces in external fixation. J Orthop Surg Hong Kong. 2009;17(1):19-22. doi:10.1177/230949900901700105
34. Leaper DJ, Durani P. Topical antimicrobial therapy of chronic wounds healing by secondary intention using iodine products. Int Wound J. 2008;5(2):361-368. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00406.x
35. Motuma A abeshu, bekesho geleta. Medicinal Uses of Honey. Biol Med. 2016;8(2):279. doi:10.4172/0974-8369.1000279
36. Simon A, Sofka K, Wiszniewsky G, Blaser G, Bode U, Fleischhack G. Wound care with antibacterial honey (Medihoney) in pediatric hematology–oncology. Support Care Cancer. 2006;14(1):91-97. doi:10.1007/s00520-005-0874-8
37. Lazarides AL, Hamid KS, Kerzner MS. Novel Use of Active Leptospermum Honey for Ringed Fixator Pin Site Care in Diabetic Charcot Deformity Patients. Foot Ankle Spec. 2018;11(2):117-122. doi:10.1177/1938640017709907
38. Mandal MD, Mandal S. Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):154-160. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6
39. Gulati S, Qureshi A, Srivastava A, Kataria K, Kumar P, Ji AB. A Prospective Randomized Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Honey Dressing vs. Povidone Iodine Dressing in Chronic Wound Healing. Indian J Surg. 2014;76(3):193-198. doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0682-6
40. Adeyekun A, Obi-Egbedi-Ejakpovi E. Computerised tomographic patterns in patients with head injury at the university of Benin teaching hospital. Niger J Clin Pract. 2013;16(1):19. doi:10.4103/1119-3077.106717
41. Morgado FL, Rossi LA. Correlação entre a escala de coma de Glasgow e os achados de imagem de tomografia computadorizada em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico. Radiol Bras. 2011;44(1):35-41. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842011000100010
42. Suresh K. An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):8-11. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82352
43. Azer A, Mohamed HaA. Outcome of Pin Tract Care in Sudanese Patients Treated with Ilizarov. Sci Acad Publ. 2020;10(1):1-11. doi:10.5923/j.cmd.20201001.01
44. Cheung GYC, Rigby K, Wang R, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis Strategies to Avoid Killing by Human Neutrophils. Gilmore MS, ed. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(10):e1001133. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001133
45. Tonks AJ, Cooper RA, Jones KP, Blair S, Parton J, Tonks A. Honey stimulates inflammatory cytokine production from monocytes. Cytokine. 2003;21(5):242-247. doi:10.1016/s1043-4666(03)00092-9
46. Abuharfeil N, Al-Oran R, Abo-Shehada M. The Effect of Bee Honey on the Proliferative Activity of Human B-and T-Lymphocytes and the Activity of Phagocytes. Food Agric Immunol. 1999;11(2):169-177. doi:10.1080/09540109999843
47. Al-Waili NS, Haq A. Effect of Honey on Antibody Production Against Thymus-Dependent and Thymus-Independent Antigens in Primary and Secondary Immune Responses. J Med Food. 2004;7(4):491-494. doi:10.1089/jmf.2004.7.491
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Aug 24, 2024
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Adeoye Allen-Tayloy, Aliu Olalekan Olatunji, Adeola Fowotade, & Morhasonbello Jemiludeen. (2024). PIN-SITE CARE WITH MEDI-HONEY™ VERSUS POVIDONE IODINE GAUZE-BASED DRESSINGS AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN NIGERIA: ANY DIFFERENCE IN ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECTS?. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 1414-1426. https://doi.org/10.53555/25cq6h98
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Author Biographies
Adeoye Allen-Tayloy
Medical Doctor, University college Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Aliu Olalekan Olatunji
Medical Doctor, University college Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Adeola Fowotade
Medical Doctor, University college Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Morhasonbello Jemiludeen
Medical Doctor, University college Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
How to Cite
Adeoye Allen-Tayloy, Aliu Olalekan Olatunji, Adeola Fowotade, & Morhasonbello Jemiludeen. (2024). PIN-SITE CARE WITH MEDI-HONEY™ VERSUS POVIDONE IODINE GAUZE-BASED DRESSINGS AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN NIGERIA: ANY DIFFERENCE IN ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECTS?. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 1414-1426. https://doi.org/10.53555/25cq6h98