A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF SALMONELLA TYPHI ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, NAWABSHAH PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Salmonella Typhi, public health, infections.
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, is a significant public health issue, especially in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. This study examines the prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of Salmonella Typhi infections among 300 patients at a tertiary care hospital in Nawabshah, Pakistan, from December 12, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Using non-probability convenience sampling, data were collected and analyzed using SPSS Version 23. The study population comprised 37.3% males and 62.7% females, indicating a higher prevalence of typhoid fever among females. A majority of patients (59%) resided in urban areas. Educational attainment varied, with 29.6% having no formal education and 28% having only primary education. Occupationally, laborers represented the largest group (46.3%), followed by housewives (29.3%). Demographic study noted that 75. 7% of the patients belong to the low socioeconomic category. To this effect, this study examines the influence of the demographic variables including gender, residential status, education, occupation and SES on typhoid fever incidence and control in GMA. These results suggest the need for focused efforts on modifying known health risk factors as well as other types of campaigns to raise health literacy. Elimination of inequalities and ill-health barriers that affect typhoid fever incidence in the study population based on age, gender and geographical location is also important when developing strategies for prevention and management. More studies are needed to establish the causes of these differences as this will provide the basis for development of programs and policies for addressing these statistics.
References
2. Kim CL, Cruz Espinoza LM, Vannice KS, Tadesse BT, Owusu-Dabo E, Rakotozandrindrainy R, et al. The Burden of Typhoid Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Perspective. Res Rep Trop Med. 2022;Volume 13:1–9.
3. Radhakrishnan A, Als D, Mintz ED, Crump JA, Stanaway J, Breiman RF, et al. Introductory article on global burden and epidemiology of typhoid fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(3):4–9.
4. Pustake M, Giri P, Tambolkar S, Nayak S. Extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever: A call to action. Indian J Community Med. 2022;47(1):153–4.
5. da Silva KE, Tanmoy AM, Pragasam AK, Iqbal J, Sajib MSI, Mutreja A, et al. The international and intercontinental spread and expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi: a genomic epidemiology study. The Lancet Microbe. 2022;3(8):e567–77.
6. Cordovana M, Mauder N, Join-Lambert O, Gravey F, LeHello S, Auzou M, et al. Machine learning-based typing of Salmonella enterica O-serogroups by the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy-based IR Biotyper system. J Microbiol Methods. 2022;201.
7. Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11.
8. Jahan F, Chinni S V., Samuggam S, Reddy LV, Solayappan M, Yin LS. The Complex Mechanism of the Salmonella typhi Biofilm Formation That Facilitates Pathogenicity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2022 Jun 9;23(12):6462.
9. Manesh A, Meltzer E, Jin C, Britto C, Deodhar D, Radha S, et al. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: A clinical seminar. J Travel Med. 2021;28(3).
10. Lee S, Inzerillo S, Lee GY, Bosire EM, Mahato SK, Song J. Glycan-mediated molecular interactions in bacterial pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 2022;30(3):254–67.
11. Argimón S, Yeats CA, Goater RJ, Abudahab K, Taylor B, Underwood A, et al. A global resource for genomic predictions of antimicrobial resistance and surveillance of Salmonella Typhi at pathogenwatch. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1).
12. Foster T, Falletta J, Amin N, Rahman M, Liu P, Raj S, et al. Modelling faecal pathogen flows and health risks in urban Bangladesh: Implications for sanitation decision making. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021;233.
13. Khan EA. A review of antimicrobial resistance for common pediatric infections in Pakistan—time for pediatricians to do more. Infect Dis J. 2013;22:613-27.
14. Awol RN, Reda DY, Gidebo DD. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at Adare general hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. BMC infectious diseases. 2021 Dec;21:1-9.
15. Rauniyar GP, Bhattacharya S, Chapagain K, Shah GS, Khanal B. Typhoid Fever among Admitted Pediatric Patients in a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association. 2021 Sep;59(241):871.
16. Dibby HJ, Shlash RF. The Problem of Multidrug Resistance Bacterial Strains in Daily Clinical Practice in Dealing with Typhoid Fever in Mid-Euphrates Region of Iraq: A Cross Sectional Study. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2020 Jan 1;14(1).
17. Amsalu T, Genet C, Adem Siraj Y. Salmonella Typhi and S almonella Paratyphi prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and factors associated with enteric fever infection in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Scientific Reports. 2021 Apr 1;11(1):7359.
18. Memon A, Ahmed M, Iqbal K. Frequency and antimicrobial resistance pattern of extensive-drug resistance Salmonella typhi isolates. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2020 Jun 1;10(02):68-74.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dr. Tehmina Afzal
M.Phil. Pathology, Instructor Skills lab, PMCH, Nawabshah
Dr. Muhammad Saleem Rind
MBBS, FCPS, Assistant Professor Medicine, Medical Emergency Unit 2, PUMHS, Nawabshah
Dr. Khawar Hussain
MBBS, FCPS, Medical Officer, Medical Unit-III, PMCH, Nawabshah
Dr Qurat ul Ain
Assistant Professor, Anatomy Department, PUMHSW, Nawabshah
Dr Shafaq Aijaz
Woman Medical Officer, Consultant Radiologist, Radiology Department, PUMHSW, Nawabshah