COLISTIN RESISTANCE IN COMBAT AGAINST ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII: A MULTI-ASPECT COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW EXPLORING COLISTIN RESISTANCE IN ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII, ITS MECHANISM, CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND GLOBAL BURDEN WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Colistin Resistance, Acinetobacter baumannii, Nosocomial infections, Antibiotic resistance
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are the leading cause of major spread of all available antibiotic-resistant bacteria till date. Among these, Acinetobacter baumannii is the most important host of hospital-associated outbreaks due to its developed resistance to all available antibiotics which make clinicians to rely on a buried drug called colistin to put it in use which is the only option left. Acinetobacter marks the overburden of nosocomial morbidities ultimately compromising the country's economy. But now this horrible organism adopts resistance to this graved drug not only by chromosomal but by plasmid-mediated mechanism conferring horizontal gene transfer. Colistin belongs to the class Bacillus polymyxa is a cationic peptide that targets the negative charge of LPS of all gram-negative bacteria. Major genetic factors involve the mutated genes(lpxACD) leading to complete loss of LPS and two component system (PmrAB system) that causes the overexpression of PmrC homologue eptA, modify the LPS by adding petN to lipid A moiety with some other TCS are also detected like AdeABC operon. Plasmid mediation done due to mcr1 genes and its variants which were arise from the animals due to excessive use of colistin as a metaphylactic approach disturbing the one health perspective. By examining the various factors that contribute to the resistance of last resort treatment for hospital infections, it becomes evident that significant measures must be taken to combat the highly resistant Acinetobacter bacterium and the antibiotics listed by the WHO. Many countries using it as a growth promoter in animals, banned its consumption due to the prevalent resistant mechanism in critically important pathogens. The fast emergence of variations is stigmatizing for society. Hence, it is crucial to thoroughly assess and monitor the resistance mechanisms in bacteria and the therapeutic window of colistin by surveillance that meets the requirements of the continuing research program. Due to the narrow therapeutic range of colistin, it is crucial to secure its targeting structures (particularly homologue eptA) and monitor its use. This is necessary to control the prevalent resistance to colistin, which is the main cause of high mortality rates, especially in hospitals. It is important to implement appropriate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance strategies at regional, national, and international levels to effectively manage colistin as a last resort treatment for nosocomial infections. Our review focus on the resistance mechanism toward this drug in this particular nosocomial pathogen to manage its prevalence in the world which is making way to develop a new therapeutic option to consider.
References
2. Adams, M. D., Nickel, G. C., Bajaksouzian, S., Lavender, H., Murthy, A. R., Jacobs, M. R., . . . chemotherapy. (2009). Resistance to colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii associated with mutations in the PmrAB two-component system. 53(9), 3628-3634.
3. Aghapour, Z., Gholizadeh, P., Ganbarov, K., Bialvaei, A. Z., Mahmood, S. S., Tanomand, A., . . . resistance, d. (2019). Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. 965-975.
4. Al-Kadmy, I. M., Ibrahim, S. A., Al-Saryi, N., Aziz, S. N., Besinis, A., & Hetta, H. F. J. M. D. R. (2020). Prevalence of genes involved in colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: first report from Iraq. 26(6), 616-622.
5. Aloush, S. M., Al Qadire, M., Assmairan, K., Mosbah, A., & Hussien, H. J. J. o. t. A. A. o. N. P. (2019). Risk factors for hospital-acquired non–catheter-associated urinary tract infection. 31(12), 747-751.
6. Álvarez-Fraga, L., Pérez, A., Rumbo-Feal, S., Merino, M., Vallejo, J. A., Ohneck, E. J., . . . Valle, J. J. V. (2016). Analysis of the role of the LH92_11085 gene of a biofilm hyper-producing Acinetobacter baumannii strain on biofilm formation and attachment to eukaryotic cells. 7(4), 443-455.
7. Asokan, G. V., Ramadhan, T., Ahmed, E., & Sanad, H. J. O. m. j. (2019). WHO global priority pathogens list: a bibliometric analysis of Medline-PubMed for knowledge mobilization to infection prevention and control practices in Bahrain. 34(3), 184.
8. Atif, M., Azeem, M., Sarwar, M. R., Shahid, S., Javaid, S., Ikram, H., . . . Scahill, S. J. S. (2016). WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators and prescribing trends of antibiotics in the Accident and Emergency Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Pakistan. 5(1), 1-7.
9. Aydemir, H., Tuz, H. I., Piskin, N., Celebi, G., Kulah, C., & Kokturk, F. J. W. J. o. C. C. (2019). Risk factors and clinical responses of pneumonia patients with colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus. 7(10), 1111-1121.
10. Aydın, M., Ergönül, Ö., Azap, A., Bilgin, H., Aydın, G., Çavuş, S., . . . Menekşe, Ş. J. J. o. H. I. (2018). Rapid emergence of colistin resistance and its impact on fatality among healthcare-associated infections. 98(3), 260-263.
11. Ayobami, O., Willrich, N., Harder, T., Okeke, I. N., Eckmanns, T., Markwart, R. J. E. m., & infections. (2019). The incidence and prevalence of hospital-acquired (carbapenem-resistant) Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe, Eastern Mediterranean and Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 8(1), 1747-1759.
12. Bahador, A., Farshadzadeh, Z., Raoofian, R., Mokhtaran, M., Pourakbari, B., Pourhajibagher, M., . . . antimicrobials. (2018). Association of virulence gene expression with colistin-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: analysis of genotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation. 17(1), 1-12.
13. Balkhair, A., Al-Muharrmi, Z., Al’Adawi, B., Al Busaidi, I., Taher, H., Al-Siyabi, T., . . . Hassan, K. J. I. J. o. I. D. (2019). Prevalence and 30-day all-cause mortality of carbapenem-and colistin-resistant bacteraemia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae: description of a decade-long trend. 85, 10-15.
14. Baron, S., Hadjadj, L., Rolain, J.-M., & Olaitan, A. O. J. I. j. o. a. a. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: knowns and unknowns. 48(6), 583-591.
15. Beceiro, A., Llobet, E., Aranda, J., Bengoechea, J. A., Doumith, M., Hornsey, M., . . . chemotherapy. (2011). Phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A in colistin-resistant variants of Acinetobacter baumannii mediated by the pmrAB two-component regulatory system. 55(7), 3370-3379.
16. Boinett, C. J., Cain, A. K., Hawkey, J., Do Hoang, N. T., Khanh, N. N. T., Thanh, D. P., . . . Mayho, M. J. M. g. (2019). Clinical and laboratory-induced colistin-resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii. 5(2).
17. Breijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B., & Karaman, R. J. M. (2020). Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. 25(6), 1340.
18. Lari, A. R., Ardebili, A., & Hashemi, A. J. T. I. j. o. m. r. (2018). AdeR-AdeS mutations & overexpression of the AdeABC efflux system in ciprofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. 147(4), 413.
19. Lee, D.-H., Cha, J.-H., Kim, D.-W., Lee, K., Kim, Y.-S., Oh, H.-Y., . . . Cha, C.-J. J. M. (2022). Colistin-degrading proteases confer collective resistance to microbial communities during polymicrobial infections. 10(1), 129.
20. Lee, J.-Y., Chung, E. S., & Ko, K. S. J. S. r. (2017). Transition of colistin dependence into colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. 7(1), 1-11.
21. Lesho, E., Yoon, E.-J., McGann, P., Snesrud, E., Kwak, Y., Milillo, M., . . . Nikolich, M. J. T. J. o. i. d. (2013). Emergence of colistin-resistance in extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii containing a novel pmrCAB operon during colistin therapy of wound infections. 208(7), 1142-1151.
22. Leus, I. V., Weeks, J. W., Bonifay, V., Smith, L., Richardson, S., & Zgurskaya, H. I. J. J. o. b. (2018). Substrate specificities and efflux efficiencies of RND efflux pumps of Acinetobacter baumannii. 200(13), e00049-00018.
23. Li, J., Beuerman, R., & Verma, C. S. J. B. e. B. A.-B. (2020). Mechanism of polyamine induced colistin resistance through electrostatic networks on bacterial outer membranes. 1862(9), 183297.
24. Lin, M.-F., Lin, Y.-Y., & Lan, C.-Y. J. J. o. M. (2017). Contribution of EmrAB efflux pumps to colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. 55(2), 130-136.
25. Liu, X., Shrestha, R., Koju, P., Maharjan, B., Shah, P., Thapa, P., & Li, H. (2020). The direct economic disease burden of healthcare-associated Infections (HAIS) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR): a preliminary study in a teaching hospital of Nepal.
26. Liu, X., Shrestha, R., Koju, P., Maharjan, B., Shah, P., Thapa, P., & Li, H. J. J. o. G. A. R. (2022). The direct medical economic burden of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance: A preliminary study in a teaching hospital of Nepal. 29, 299-303.
27. Liu, Y., Jia, Y., Yang, K., Tong, Z., Shi, J., Li, R., . . . Reiter, R. J. J. T. (2020). Melatonin overcomes MCR-mediated colistin resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. 10(23), 10697.
28. Liu, Y., & Liu, J.-H. J. E. r. o. a.-i. t. (2018). Monitoring colistin resistance in food animals, an urgent threat. 16(6), 443-446.
29. Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Zhao, C., Chen, H., Li, H., & Wang, H. J. J. o. m. m. (2020). Prospective multi-center evaluation on risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcomes due to carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii complex bacteraemia: experience from the Chinese Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections (CARES) Network. 69(7), 949-959.
30. Obaidat, M. M., Tarazi, Y. H., & AlSmadi, W. M. J. J. o. F. S. (2022). Sheep and goats are reservoirs of colistin resistant Escherichia coli that co‐resist critically important antimicrobials: First study from Jordan. e13023.
31. Organization, W. H. (2021). GLASS: the detection and reporting of colistin resistance.
32. Pacheco, T., Bustos, R.-H., González, D., Garzón, V., García, J.-C., & Ramírez, D. J. A. (2019). An approach to measuring colistin plasma levels regarding the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. 8(3), 100.
33. Palmieri, M., D’Andrea, M. M., Pelegrin, A. C., Perrot, N., Mirande, C., Blanc, B., . . . van Belkum, A. J. F. i. m. (2020). Abundance of colistin-resistant, OXA-23-and ArmA-producing Acinetobacter baumannii belonging to international clone 2 in Greece. 11, 668.
34. Panigrahi, K., Pathi, B. K., Poddar, N., Sabat, S., Pradhan, S., Pattnaik, D., . . . Praharaj, A. K. J. C. (2022). Colistin Resistance Among Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates From Different Clinical Samples of ICU Patients: Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes. 14(8).
35. Papathanakos, G., Andrianopoulos, I., Papathanasiou, A., Priavali, E., Koulenti, D., & Koulouras, V. J. M. (2020). Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: a serious threat for critically ill patients. 8(2), 287.
36. Park, Y. K., Choi, J. Y., Shin, D., & Ko, K. S. J. I. j. o. a. a. (2011). Correlation between overexpression and amino acid substitution of the PmrAB locus and colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. 37(6), 525-530.
37. Pelletier, M. R., Casella, L. G., Jones, J. W., Adams, M. D., Zurawski, D. V., Hazlett, K. R., . . . chemotherapy. (2013). Unique structural modifications are present in the lipopolysaccharide from colistin-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. 57(10), 4831-4840.
38. Perez, F., & Bonomo, R. A. J. T. L. I. D. (2020). Colistin resistance in China: from outer membrane to One Health. 20(10), 1106-1108.
39. Phodha, T., Riewpaiboon, A., Malathum, K., Coyte, P. C. J. E. R. o. P., & Research, O. (2019). Excess annual economic burdens from nosocomial infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria in Thailand. 19(3), 305-312.
40. Pormohammad, A., Mehdinejadiani, K., Gholizadeh, P., Nasiri, M. J., Mohtavinejad, N., Dadashi, M., . . . Azimi, T. J. M. p. (2020). Global prevalence of colistin resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 139, 103887.
41. Qian, Z., Zhang, S., Li, N., Ma, W., Zhang, K., Song, F., . . . Cai, J. J. B. R. I. (2022). Risk Factors for and Clinical Outcomes of Polymicrobial Acinetobacter Baumannii Bloodstream Infections. 2022.
42. Qureshi, Z. A., Hittle, L. E., O'Hara, J. A., Rivera, J. I., Syed, A., Shields, R. K., . . . Doi, Y. J. C. i. d. (2015). Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: beyond carbapenem resistance. 60(9), 1295-1303.
43. Rhouma, M., Beaudry, F., & Letellier, A. J. I. j. o. a. a. (2016). Resistance to colistin: what is the fate for this antibiotic in pig production? , 48(2), 119-126.
44. Rhouma, M., Madec, J.-Y., & Laxminarayan, R. J. I. J. o. A. A. (2023). Colistin: From the shadows to a One Health approach for addressing antimicrobial resistance. 106713.
45. Rojas, L. J., Salim, M., Cober, E., Richter, S. S., Perez, F., Salata, R. A., . . . Rudin, S. D. J. C. I. D. (2017). Colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: laboratory detection and impact on mortality. 64(6), 711-718.
46. Rossi, F., Girardello, R., Cury, A. P., Di Gioia, T. S. R., Almeida, J. N. d., & Duarte, A. J. d. S. J. B. J. o. I. D. (2017). Emergence of colistin resistance in the largest university hospital complex of São Paulo, Brazil, over five years☆. 21, 98-101.
47. Rossolini, G. M., Bochenska, M., Fumagalli, L., Dowzicky, M. J. D. M., & Disease, I. (2021). Trends of major antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in enterobacterales and gram-negative non-fermenters from ATLAS and EARS-net surveillance systems: Italian vs. European and global data, 2008-2018. 101(4), 115512.
48. Sai-lin, H., Shao-qiang, X., Yan-li, F., Lian, L., Tao, Z., & Hong-zhi, S. J. L. M. C. I. S. (2022). Retrospective analysis of pathogenic bacteria results of hospital-acquired infection in neurosurgery inpatients. 22(1), 84.
49. Saleem, Z., Hassali, M. A., Hashmi, F. K., Qaisar, S., Ahmad, M., Ali, S. S., . . . Research. (2020). Evaluating consumption and expenditure patterns of antibiotics in tablet and capsule dosage forms: Pakistan Antibiotic Consumption Surveillance (PACS). 50(1), 36-41.
50. Santimaleeworagun, W., Thunyaharn, S., Juntanawiwat, P., Thongnoy, N., Harindhanavudhi, S., Nakeesathit, S., & Teschumroon, S. J. J. o. A. P. S. (2020). The prevalence of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients with bacteremia. 10(2), 056-059.
51. Saran, S., Gurjar, M., Azim, A., Maurya, I. J. H. H. E. R., & Journal, D. (2021). Structural risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in intensive care unit. 14(2), 328-336.
52. Sengstock, D., Thyagarajan, R., Apalara, J., Mira, A., Chopra, T., & Kaye, K. J. C. I. D. (2010). Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging pathogen among older adults in community hospitals and nursing homes. 50(12), 1611-1616.
53. Shen, Y., Zhang, R., Schwarz, S., Wu, C., Shen, J., Walsh, T. R., & Wang, Y. J. E. M. (2020). Farm animals and aquaculture: significant reservoirs of mobile colistin resistance genes. 22(7), 2469-2484.
54. Snitkin, E. S., Zelazny, A. M., Gupta, J., Palmore, T. N., Murray, P. R., Segre, J. A., & research, N. C. S. P. J. G. (2013). Genomic insights into the fate of colistin resistance and Acinetobacter baumannii during patient treatment. 23(7), 1155-1162.
55. Snyman, Y., Reuter, S., Whitelaw, A. C., Stein, L., Maloba, M. R. B., & Newton-Foot, M. J. J. o. G. A. R. (2021). Characterisation of mcr-4.3 in a colistin-resistant Acinetobacter nosocomialis clinical isolate from Cape Town, South Africa. 25, 102-106.
56. Soleymani, F. J. M. j. o. t. I. R. o. I. (2018). Costs of hospital-acquired infection for patients hospitalized in intensive care unit of an Iranian referral hospital. 32, 67.
57. Srinivas, P., & Rivard, K. J. C. i. d. r. (2017). Polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. 19(11), 1-9.
58. Sun, B., Liu, H., Jiang, Y., Shao, L., Yang, S., & Chen, D. J. M. (2020). New mutations involved in colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. 5(2), e00895-00819.
59. Swift, B. M., Bennett, M., Waller, K., Dodd, C., Murray, A., Gomes, R. L., . . . Whitlock, S. E. J. S. o. t. T. E. (2019). Anthropogenic environmental drivers of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife. 649, 12-20.
60. Tacconelli, E., De Angelis, G., Cataldo, M. A., Mantengoli, E., Spanu, T., Pan, A., . . . chemotherapy. (2009). Antibiotic usage and risk of colonization and infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a hospital population-based study. 53(10), 4264-4269.
61. Talyansky, Y., Nielsen, T. B., Yan, J., Carlino-Macdonald, U., Di Venanzio, G., Chakravorty, S., . . . Vinogradov, E. J. P. p. (2021). Capsule carbohydrate structure determines virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii. 17(2), e1009291.
62. Thamlikitkul, V., Rattanaumpawan, P., Sirijatuphat, R., & Wangchinda, W. J. J. o. I. (2020). Integrated one-day surveillance of antimicrobial use, antimicrobial consumption, antimicrobial resistance, healthcare-associated infection, and antimicrobial resistance burden among hospitalized patients in Thailand. 81(1), 98-106.
63. Thangarajoo, S., Rosliza, A., Nalliah, S., Karim, J., Shohaimi, S., Ramasamy, S., & Amin-Nordin, S. J. B. M. E. (2021). Self-assessment, attitude and perception of interprofessional learning in hospital acquired infection control practices among health professionals in Klang Valley, Malaysia. 21(1), 1-11.
64. Thi Khanh Nhu, N., Riordan, D. W., Do Hoang Nhu, T., Thanh, D. P., Thwaites, G., Huong Lan, N. P., . . . Stabler, R. A. J. S. r. (2016). The induction and identification of novel Colistin resistance mutations in Acinetobacter baumannii and their implications. 6(1), 1-8.
65. Tietgen, M., Sedlaczek, L., Higgins, P. G., Kaspar, H., Ewers, C., & Göttig, S. J. A. (2022). Colistin Resistance Mechanisms in Human and Veterinary Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates. 11(11), 1672
66. Huang, H., Chen, B., Liu, G., Ran, J., Lian, X., Huang, X., . . . Huang, Z. J. B. i. d. (2018). A multi-center study on the risk factors of infection caused by multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. 18(1), 1-6.
67. Ichim, D. L., Duceac, L. D., Marcu, C., Iordache, A. C., Ciomaga, I. M., Luca, A. C., . . . Stafie, L. J. R. C. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of colistin loaded nanoparticles used to combat multi-drug resistant microorganisms. 70(10).
68. Ilsan, N. A., Lee, Y.-J., Kuo, S.-C., Lee, I.-H., & Huang, T.-W. J. M. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and virulence of colistin-and carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii isolated from a teaching hospital in Taiwan. 9(6), 1295.
69. Jain, M., Sharma, A., Sen, M., Rani, V., Gaind, R., & Suri, J. J. M. p. (2019). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates causing lower respiratory infections among ICU patients. 128, 75-81.
70. Jean, S.-S., Hsueh, S.-C., Lee, W.-S., & Hsueh, P.-R. J. E. r. o. a.-i. t. (2019). Cefiderocol: a promising antibiotic against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. 17(5), 307-309.
71. Jovcic, B., Novovic, K., Dekic, S., & Hrenovic, J. J. M. D. R. (2021). Colistin resistance in environmental isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. 27(3), 328-336.
72. Kallel, H., Bahloul, M., Hergafi, L., Akrout, M., Ketata, W., Chelly, H., . . . Bouaziz, M. (2006). Colistin as a salvage therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria in the ICU. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 28(4), 366-369.
73. Karli, A., Paksu, M. S., Karadag, A., Belet, N., Paksu, S., Guney, A. K., . . . Sensoy, S. G. (2013). Colistin use in pediatric intensive care unit for severe nosocomial infections: experience of an university hospital. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 12(1), 1-7.
74. Katip, W., Uitrakul, S., & Oberdorfer, P. J. A. (2020). A comparison of colistin versus colistin plus meropenem for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in critically ill patients: a propensity score-matched analysis. 9(10), 647.
75. Kim, S. Y., Kim, M. H., Kim, S. I., Son, J. H., Kim, S., Lee, Y. C., . . . Lee, J. C. J. B. m. (2019). The sensor kinase BfmS controls production of outer membrane vesicles in Acinetobacter baumannii. 19(1), 1-13.
76. Kim, Y., Bae, I. K., Lee, H., Jeong, S. H., Yong, D., Lee, K. J. D. m., & disease, i. (2014). In vivo emergence of colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates of sequence type 357 during colistin treatment. 79(3), 362-366.
77. Kontopidou, F., Plachouras, D., Papadomichelakis, E., Koukos, G., Galani, I., Poulakou, G., . . . Infection. (2011). Colonization and infection by colistin‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria in a cohort of critically ill patients. 17(11), E9-E11.
78. Kovacic, A., Music, M. S., Dekic, S., Tonkic, M., Novak, A., Rubic, Z., . . . Goic-Barisic, I. J. I. M. (2017). Transmission and survival of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outside hospital setting. 20(4), 165-169.
79. Lahiri, K., Mani, N., & Purai, S. J. M. J. A. F. I. (2004). Acinetobacter spp as nosocomial pathogen: Clinical significance and antimicrobial sensitivity. 60(1), 7-10.
80. Lomonaco, S., Crawford, M. A., Lascols, C., Timme, R. E., Anderson, K., Hodge, D. R., . . . Khan, E. J. P. O. (2018). Resistome of carbapenem-and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. 13(6), e0198526.
81. López-Siles, M., McConnell, M. J., & Martín-Galiano, A. J. J. F. i. M. (2022). Identification of Promoter Region Markers Associated With Altered Expression of Resistance-Nodulation-Division Antibiotic Efflux Pumps in Acinetobacter baumannii. 13, 869208.
82. Luo, Q., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y. J. B., & Health. (2020). Prevalence and transmission of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene in bacteria common to animals and humans. 2(2), 71-78.
83. Machado, D., Antunes, J., Simões, A., Perdigão, J., Couto, I., McCusker, M., . . . Batista, J. J. J. o. m. m. (2018). Contribution of efflux to colistin heteroresistance in a multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolate. 67(6), 740-749.
84. Mahmoudi, L., Sepasian, A., Firouzabadi, D., Akbari, A. J. R. M., & Policy, H. (2020). The impact of an antibiotic stewardship program on the consumption of specific antimicrobials and their cost burden: a hospital-wide intervention. 1701-1709.
85. Mak, J. K., Kim, M.-J., Pham, J., Tapsall, J., & White, P. A. J. J. o. a. c. (2009). Antibiotic resistance determinants in nosocomial strains of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. 63(1), 47-54.
86. Makiani, M. J., Farasatinasab, M., Bemani, S., Moghadam, H. N., Sheibani, F., Meidanshahi, A. V., . . . Shahi, R. J. J. o. P. C. (2020). Sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms to colistin antibiotic by MIC (E-test) in Patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Firoozgar hospital. 143-147.
87. Marston, H. D., Dixon, D. M., Knisely, J. M., Palmore, T. N., & Fauci, A. S. J. J. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance. 316(11), 1193-1204.
88. Martins-Sorenson, N., Snesrud, E., Xavier, D. E., Cacci, L. C., Iavarone, A. T., McGann, P., . . . Moreira, B. M. J. J. o. A. C. (2020). A novel plasmid-encoded mcr-4.3 gene in a colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain. 75(1), 60-64.
89. Matthaiou, D. K., Michalopoulos, A., Rafailidis, P. I., Karageorgopoulos, D. E., Papaioannou, V., Ntani, G., . . . Falagas, M. E. J. C. c. m. (2008). Risk factors associated with the isolation of colistin-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a matched case-control study. 36(3), 807-811.
90. Mead, A., Richez, P., Azzariti, S., & Pelligand, L. J. F. i. V. S. (2021). Pharmacokinetics of colistin in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry following dosing via drinking water and its bactericidal impact on enteric Escherichia coli. 8, 698135.
91. Moffatt, J. H., Harper, M., Adler, B., Nation, R. L., Li, J., Boyce, J. D. J. A. a., & chemotherapy. (2011). Insertion sequence IS Aba11 is involved in colistin resistance and loss of lipopolysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii. 55(6), 3022-3024.
92. Moffatt, J. H., Harper, M., Harrison, P., Hale, J. D., Vinogradov, E., Seemann, T., . . . chemotherapy. (2010). Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by complete loss of lipopolysaccharide production. 54(12), 4971-4977.
93. Morel, C. M., Alm, R. A., Årdal, C., Bandera, A., Bruno, G. M., Carrara, E., . . . Control, I. (2020). A one health framework to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance. 9, 1-14.
94. Mustapha, M. M., Srinivasa, V. R., Griffith, M. P., Cho, S.-T., Evans, D. R., Waggle, K., . . . Harrison, L. H. J. b. (2021). Genomic diversity of hospital-acquired infections revealed through prospective whole genome sequencing-based surveillance.
95. Nahaichuk, V., Nazarchuk, O., Faustova, M., Turzhanska, O., & Ananieva, M. (2020). Correlation of susceptibility to antiseptics with biofilm-forming properties in acinetobacter baumannii as a pathogen of surgical infection.
96. Namaei, M. H., Yousefi, M., Askari, P., Roshanravan, B., Hashemi, A., & Rezaei, Y. J. I. j. o. m. (2021). High prevalence of multidrug-resistant non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli harboring blaIMP-1 and blaVIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase genes in Birjand, south-east Iran. 13(4), 470.
97. Napier, B. A., Burd, E. M., Satola, S. W., Cagle, S. M., Ray, S. M., McGann, P., . . . Weiss, D. S. J. M. (2013). Clinical use of colistin induces cross-resistance to host antimicrobials in Acinetobacter baumannii. 4(3), e00021-00013.
98. Nation, R. L., Velkov, T., & Li, J. J. C. i. d. (2014). Colistin and polymyxin B: peas in a pod, or chalk and cheese? , 59(1), 88-94.
99. Nielsen, T. B., Pantapalangkoor, P., Luna, B. M., Bruhn, K. W., Yan, J., Dekitani, K., . . . Vinogradov, E. J. T. J. o. i. d. (2017). Monoclonal antibody protects against Acinetobacter baumannii infection by enhancing bacterial clearance and evading sepsis. 216(4), 489-501.
100. Nurtop, E., Bayındır Bilman, F., Menekse, S., Kurt Azap, O., Gönen, M., Ergonul, O., & Can, F. J. M. D. R. (2019). Promoters of colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii infections. 25(7), 997-1002.
101. Tiwari, V., Mishra, N., Gadani, K., Solanki, P. S., Shah, N., & Tiwari, M. J. F. i. m. (2018). Mechanism of anti-bacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticle against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. 9, 1218.
102. Tkadlec, J., Kalova, A., Brajerova, M., Gelbicova, T., Karpiskova, R., Smelikova, E., . . . Krutova, M. J. A. (2021). The intestinal carriage of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in tertiary care settings. 10(3), 258.
103. Tolera, M., Abate, D., Dheresa, M., & Marami, D. (2018). Bacterial nosocomial infections and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients admitted at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Advances in medicine, 2018.
104. Torumkuney, D., Jamil, B., Nizamuddin, S., van Hasselt, J., Pirzada, U., & Manenzhe, R. J. J. o. A. C. (2022). Country data on AMR in Pakistan in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome. 77(Supplement_1), i18-i25.
105. Trebosc, V., Gartenmann, S., Tötzl, M., Lucchini, V., Schellhorn, B., Pieren, M., . . . Bumann, D. J. M. (2019). Dissecting colistin resistance mechanisms in extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. 10(4), e01083-01019.
106. Wang, Y., Xu, C., Zhang, R., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Hu, F., . . . Xia, X. J. T. L. I. D. (2020). Changes in colistin resistance and mcr-1 abundance in Escherichia coli of animal and human origins following the ban of colistin-positive additives in China: an epidemiological comparative study. 20(10), 1161-1171.
107. Witherell, K. S., Price, J., Bandaranayake, A. D., Olson, J., & Call, D. R. J. J. o. g. a. r. (2020). Circumventing colistin resistance by combining colistin and antimicrobial peptides to kill colistin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. 22, 706-712.
108. Wozniak, T. M., Bailey, E. J., Graves, N. J. I. C., & Epidemiology, H. (2019). Health and economic burden of antimicrobial-resistant infections in Australian hospitals: a population-based model. 40(3), 320-327.
109. Yilmaz, Ş., Hasdemir, U., Aksu, B., Altınkanat Gelmez, G., & Söyletir, G. J. J. o. C. (2020). Alterations in AdeS and AdeR regulatory proteins in 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine responsive colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii. 32(6), 286-293.
110. Younas, U., Abrar, S. J. J. o. B., & Volume, A. H. S. Colistin: A Last Resort Antibiotic. 2(01), 1.
111. Zaha, D. C., Bungau, S., Aleya, S., Tit, D. M., Vesa, C. M., Popa, A. R., . . . Furau, C. J. S. o. t. t. e. (2019). What antibiotics for what pathogens? The sensitivity spectrum of isolated strains in an intensive care unit. 687, 118-127.
112. Zhen, X., Stålsby Lundborg, C., Sun, X., Zhu, N., Gu, S., Dong, H. J. A. R., & Control, I. (2021). Economic burden of antibiotic resistance in China: a national level estimate for inpatients. 10, 1-9.
113. Debela, G. A., Tesfaye, B. T., Yizengaw, M. A. J. I., & Resistance, D. (2022). Risk Factors for Inappropriate Antimicrobial Therapy Among Patients with Hospital-Acquired Infection at Jimma Medical Center: A Prospective Observational Study. 15, 837.
114. Dierikx, C., Meijs, A., Hengeveld, P., van der Klis, F., van Vliet, J., Gijsbers, E., . . . Hordijk, J. J. J.-A. R. (2022). Colistin-resistant Enterobacterales among veterinary healthcare workers and in the Dutch population. 4(2), dlac041.
115. Dortet, L., Legrand, P., Soussy, C.-J., & Cattoir, V. J. J. o. c. m. (2006). Bacterial identification, clinical significance, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Acinetobacter ursingii and Acinetobacter schindleri, two frequently misidentified opportunistic pathogens. 44(12), 4471-4478.
116. Dortet, L., Potron, A., Bonnin, R. A., Plesiat, P., Naas, T., Filloux, A., & Larrouy-Maumus, G. J. S. r. (2018). Rapid detection of colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii using MALDI-TOF-based lipidomics on intact bacteria. 8(1), 1-5.
117. Ebrahimzadeh, A., Allahyari, E., Nikoomanesh, F., & Zare_bidaki, M. (2020). A Comparative Analysis of Nosocomial Infections between Internal and Surgical Intensive Care Units of a University Hospital in Birjand, Iran from 2015 to 2016: A Retrospective Study.
118. Ehrentraut, S. F., Muenster, S., Kreyer, S., Theuerkauf, N. U., Bode, C., Steinhagen, F., . . . Putensen, C. J. M. (2020). Extensive therapeutic drug monitoring of colistin in critically Ill patients reveals undetected risks. 8(3), 415.
119. Elbediwi, M., Li, Y., Paudyal, N., Pan, H., Li, X., Xie, S., . . . C. Rankin, S. J. M. (2019). Global burden of colistin-resistant bacteria: mobilized colistin resistance genes study (1980–2018). 7(10), 461.
120. Elham, B., & Fawzia, A. J. A. H. S. (2019). Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from critically ill patients: clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and outcome. 19(3), 2400-2406.
121. Ezadi, F., Jamali, A., Heidari, A., Javid, N., & Ardebili, A. J. J. o. G. A. R. (2020). Heteroresistance to colistin in oxacillinase-producing carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Gorgan, Northern Iran. 21, 380-385.
122. Galac, M. R., Snesrud, E., Lebreton, F., Stam, J., Julius, M., Ong, A. C., . . . Chemotherapy. (2020). A diverse panel of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii for research and development. 64(10), e00840-00820.
123. Gerson, S., Betts, J. W., Lucaßen, K., Nodari, C. S., Wille, J., Josten, M., . . . chemotherapy. (2019). Investigation of novel pmrB and eptA mutations in isogenic Acinetobacter baumannii isolates associated with colistin resistance and increased virulence in vivo. 63(3), e01586-01518.
124. Gerson, S., Lucassen, K., Wille, J., Nodari, C. S., Stefanik, D., Nowak, J., . . . Vila, J. J. I. j. o. a. a. (2020). Diversity of amino acid substitutions in PmrCAB associated with colistin resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. 55(3), 105862.
125. Gezie, H. J. H. S. J. (2021). Health care workers knowledge, attitude and practice towards hospital acquired infection prevention at Dessie referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. 0-0.
126. Giles, S. K., Stroeher, U. H., Papudeshi, B., Edwards, R. A., Carlson-Jones, J. A., Roach, M., & Brown, M. H. J. M. (2022). The StkSR Two-Component System Influences Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. 10(5), 985.
127. Hakyemez, I. N., Kucukbayrak, A., Tas, T., Yikilgan, A. B., Akkaya, A., Yasayacak, A., & Akdeniz, H. J. P. j. o. m. s. (2013). Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii infections and changing antibiotic resistance. 29(5), 1245.
128. Henry, R., Vithanage, N., Harrison, P., Seemann, T., Coutts, S., Moffatt, J. H., . . . chemotherapy. (2012). Colistin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide-deficient Acinetobacter baumannii responds to lipopolysaccharide loss through increased expression of genes involved in the synthesis and transport of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and poly-β-1, 6-N-acetylglucosamine. 56(1), 59-69.
129. Hernández-González, I. L., & Castillo-Ramírez, S. J. T. L. M. (2020). Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a One Health problem. 1(7), e279.
130. Higgins, P. G., Hrenovic, J., Seifert, H., & Dekic, S. J. W. R. (2018). Characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii from water and sludge line of secondary wastewater treatment plant. 140, 261-267.
131. Broderick, N., Walsh, K., O'Brien, K., Smith, S., Harrington, P., O'Neill, M., . . . Fawsitt, C. J. V. i. H. (2022). POSC124 Economic Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance: An Analysis of the Additional Bed Day Costs Associated with Treating Resistant Infections in Ireland. 25(1), S111.
132. Călina, D., Docea, A. O., Rosu, L., Zlatian, O., Rosu, A. F., Anghelina, F., . . . Drăgoi, C. M. J. M. m. r. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance development following surgical site infections. 15(2), 681-688.
133. Caniaux, I., Van Belkum, A., Zambardi, G., Poirel, L., Gros, M. J. E. J. o. C. M., & Diseases, I. (2017). MCR: modern colistin resistance. 36, 415-420.
134. Carretero-Ledesma, M., García-Quintanilla, M., Martín-Peña, R., Pulido, M. R., Pachón, J., & McConnell, M. J. J. V. (2018). Phenotypic changes associated with Colistin resistance due to Lipopolysaccharide loss in Acinetobacter baumannii. 9(1), 930-942.
135. Carroll, L. M., Gaballa, A., Guldimann, C., Sullivan, G., Henderson, L. O., & Wiedmann, M. J. M. (2019). Identification of novel mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-9 in a multidrug-resistant, colistin-susceptible Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolate. 10(3), e00853-00819.
136. Celebi, S., Hacimustafaoglu, M., Koksal, N., Ozkan, H., & Çetinkaya, M. J. P. I. (2010). Colistimethate sodium therapy for multidrug‐resistant isolates in pediatric patients. 52(3), 410-414.
137. Chen, L., Yu, K., Chen, L., Zheng, X., Huang, N., Lin, Y., . . . Resistance, D. (2021). Synergistic Activity and Biofilm Formation Effect of Colistin Combined with PFK-158 Against Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. 14, 2143.
138. Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Fratini, F., Ebani, V. V., Turini, L., Cerri, D., & Bertelloni, F. J. E. J. o. W. R. (2021). Phenotypic and genotypic resistance to colistin in E. coli isolated from wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Italy. 67(3), 57.
139. Collignon, P. C., Conly, J. M., Andremont, A., McEwen, S. A., Aidara-Kane, A., World Health Organization Advisory Group, B. M. o. I. S. o. A. R., . . . Conly, J. J. C. I. D. (2016). World Health Organization ranking of antimicrobials according to their importance in human medicine: a critical step for developing risk management strategies to control antimicrobial resistance from food animal production. 63(8), 1087-1093.
140. D’Onofrio, V., Conzemius, R., Varda-Brkić, D., Bogdan, M., Grisold, A., Gyssens, I. C., . . . Evolution. (2020). Epidemiology of colistin-resistant, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii in Croatia. 81, 104263.
141. Dadgostar, P. J. I., & resistance, d. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance: implications and costs. 3903-3910.
142. Dawadi, P., Bista, S., & Bista, S. J. V. M. I. (2021). Prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from poultry in South Asian developing countries. 2021.
143. Daza-Cardona, E. A., Buenhombre, J., dos Santos Fontenelle, R. O., & Barbosa, F. C. B. J. R. i. M. M. (2022). mcr-mediated colistin resistance in South America, a One Health approach: a review. 33(1), e119-e136.