INVESTIGATING THE ASSOCIATION OF DIETARY PATTERN AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN PREGNANCY ATTENDING FEMALES OF PUBLIC HOSPITAL PESHAWAR PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), Dietary Pattern, Physical Activity, Pregnancy, Diabetes
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current was investigating the association of dietary patterns and physical activity with prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant females attending public hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan.
Methods: It was case control study design and Population included those pregnant women between 18 and 45 years, less than 36 weeks of gestation i.e., between 24 and 28 weeks of their pregnancy over the course of a six-month (Jan 2024 – June 2024) period visiting hayatabad medical complex Peshawar. A sample of 246 pregnant women was divided GDM subjects control group i.e., non-GDM subjects each having 123 individuals. Using a 2-hour, 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test administered between the 24th and 36th weeks of gestation, GDM screening was conducted according to the diagnostic criteria set by the World Health Organization. 24 hours recalls and food frequency questionnaire were used to evaluate the participants' dietary patterns, while Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) was used to measure physical activity levels. Univariate analysis was conducted through SPSS.
Results: The study population of 246 pregnant women, evenly split between those with and without GDM, has similar demographic and clinical features across age (29.5-30.5 years, SD = 5.4), education (secondary: 35.0% GDM, 37.4% non-GDM), working status (household workers: 69.1% GDM, 65.0% non-GDM), parity (primi-gravida: 39.0% GDM, 40.7% non-GDM), and socioeconomic status. The results revealed that higher meat consumption (p=0.05) and lower fruit intake (p=0.04) are associated with GDM, while other dietary habits do not show a significant impact. Similarly, higher levels of light and moderate physical activity (p<0.05) were associated with a reduced risk of GDM, emphasizing the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle during pregnancy. Higher sedentary activity increases GDM odds (OR = 1.26), while light (OR = 0.61), moderate (OR = 0.51), vigorous (OR = 0.64), and total physical activity (OR = 0.44) lower them; greater meat consumption and lower fruit intake are linked to GDM, emphasizing the need for a balanced diet and physical activity.
Conclusion: There was a significant difference between GDM and non-GDM in terms of dietary pattern and physical activities. Higher consumption of meat and less consumption of fruits was significantly associated with higher GDM, similarly lighter and moderate physical activity was having significant association with lower GDM.
Recommendations: The study recommended that during pregnancy, women should seek advice and education from their healthcare practitioners about the consumption of pricey, seasonal, and healthful foods.
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Mahnaz Hanif
MBBS, FCPS Obstetrics and Gynecology, Senior Registrar, Maqsood medical complex , Peshawar KPK , PAKISTAN
Saima Iltaf
MBBS, FCPS Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Assistant Professor, Abbottabad International Medical Complex.
Waseeq Ullah
MBBS, MPH, Dip. Family Medicine, FCPS General Surgery, General Surgery Department, Mardan Medical Complex,
Sumbal Hakim
MBBS Student, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
Zainab Umar Khan
MBBS Student, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
Farhana Jabeen Shah
MBBS, MPH, Associate Professor Department of community medicine. Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.