UNVEILING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A GENDER-BASED STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Gender, University Students, Emotional Intelligence
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate gender differences in emotional intelligence in university students of Lahore, Pakistan as well as to identify the predictive role of emotional intelligence related to gender. A cross-sectional research design was carried out and 300 university students (Men = 150; Women = 150) of 18-25 years (Mage = 21.36; SD = 1.47) were taken from University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan through purposive sampling strategy. Participants completed a demographic information sheet and a Scale for Emotional Intelligence-Short Form (Dawood, 2021). Data were analyzed through independent sample t-test and multiple binary logistic regression analysis. Findings indicated that men university students were significantly more emotionally intelligent in terms of motivation and social skills as compared to women university students. Moreover, self-awareness, motivation, and empathy significantly predicted the outcome of gender in university students. Implications for further research related to gender differences in emotional intelligence are discussed.
References
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21. Habib, S., Saleem, S., & Mahmood, Z. (2013). Development and validation of social intelligence scale for university students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 65-84. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/888
22. Hall, J. A., & Mast, M. S. (2008). Are women always more interpersonally sensitive than men? Impact of goals and content domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(1), 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207309192
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25. Lopez-Zafra, E., & Gartzia, L. (2014). Perceptions of gender differences in self-report measures of emotional intelligence. Sex Roles, 70(11-12), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0368-6
26. Lumley, M. A., Gustavson, B. J., Partridge, R. T., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2005). Assessing alexithymia and related emotional ability constructs using multiple methods: interrelationships among measures. Emotion, 5(3), 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.3.329
27. Marks, A. D., Horrocks, K. A., & Schutte, N. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between insecure attachment and subjective health outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.038
28. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3–31). New York, NY: Basic Books.
29. Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 507–536.
30. Megías, A., Gómez-Leal, R., Gutiérrez-Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2018). The relationship between trait psychopathy and emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.003
31. Mokhlesi, M. V., & Patil, C. B. (2018). A study of gender differences in emotional intelligence and learning behaviour among children. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 55-61. 10.25215/0604.047
32. O'Connor, P. J., Hill, A., Kaya, M., & Martin, B. (2019). The measurement of emotional intelligence: A critical review of the literature and recommendations for researchers and practitioners. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01116
33. Palmer, B. R., Gignac, G., Monocha, R., & Stough, C. (2005). A psychometric evaluation of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0. Intelligence, 33(3), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2004.11.003
34. Pérez, J. C., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2005). Measuring trait emotional intelligence. In R. Schulze & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), International handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 123–143). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber.
35. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender‐specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(2), 552-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00019.x
36. Petrides, K. V., and Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality & Indivdual Differences, 29, 313–320. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00195-6
37. Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A., & Mavroveli, S. (2007). Trait emotional intelligence: Moving forward in the field of EI. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. Roberts (Eds.), Emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns (series in affective science) (pp. 151–166). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
38. Petrides, K. V., Mikolajczak, M., Mavroveli, S., Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J., Furnham, A., & Pérez-González, J. C. (2016). Developments in trait emotional intelligence research. Emotion Review, 8(4), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916650493
39. Sahu, T. L., & Das, R. P. (2016). Gender difference and emotional intelligence in selected hospitals-A study. World Scientific News, 59, 1-11.
40. Salavera, C., Usán, P., & Teruel, P. (2019). Contextual problems, emotional intelligence and social skills in Secondary Education students. Gender differences. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 177(3), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.07.008
41. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9(3), 185-211.
42. Schudson, Z. (2021). Psychology’s stewardship of gender/sex. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16, 1105 - 1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211018462.
43. Shahzad, S., & Bagum, N. (2012). Gender differences in trait emotional intelligence: A comparative study. Business Review, 7(2), 106-112.
44. Whitman, D. S., Van Rooy, D. L., Viswesvaran, C., & Kraus, E. (2009). Testing the second order factor structure and measurement equivalence of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale across sex and ethnicity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(6), 1059-1074. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164409344498
2. Ahmad, S., Bangash, H., & Khan, S. A. (2009). Emotional intelligence and gender differences. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 25(1), 127-130. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Summiya-Ahmad/publication/323869787_EMOTIONAL_INTELLIGENCE_AND_GENDER_DIFFERENCES/links/5ab0defea6fdcc1bc0be762d/EMOTIONAL-INTELLIGENCE-AND-GENDER-DIFFERENCES.pdf
3. Ahmed, Z., Asim, M., & Pellitteri, J. (2019). Emotional intelligence predicts academic achievement in Pakistani management students. The International Journal of Management Education, 17(2), 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.04.003
4. Aizawa, Y., & Whatley, M. A. (2006). Gender, shyness, and individualism-collectivism: A cross-cultural study. Race, Gender & Class, 13(1-2), 7-25.
5. Ali, S., & Majeed, A. (2018). Problems and possibilities in reconciling Islam and gender equality policies in Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 8(1), 93-104. Retrieved from https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/JITC/article/view/95.
6. Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Mastoras, S. M. (2010). Emotional intelligence, coping, and exam-related stress in Canadian undergraduate students. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530903312899
7. Bar-On, R. (1998). The development of an operational concept of psychological well-being (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Rhodes University, South Africa.
8. Bibi, A., Saleem, A., Khalid, M. A., & Shafique, N. (2020). Emotional intelligence and aggression among university students of Pakistan: a correlational study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(10), 1189-1203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2019.1709592
9. Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: a comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 780-795. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.780
10. Ciarrochi, J. V., Hynes, K., & Crittenden, N. (2005). Can men do better if they try harder? Sex and motivational effects on emotional awareness. Cognition and Emotion, 19(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000102
11. Das, R. P., & Sahu, T. L. (2015). Relationship between emotional intelligence and gender difference: An empirical study. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 8(9), 15-23. 10.17010/pijom/2015/v8i9/77188
12. Dawood, S. (2021). Psychometric properties of the scale of emotional intelligence for university students in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 15-19. https://gcu.edu.pk/pages/gcupress/pjscp/volumes/2021-1/2-Psychometric-Properties-of-Scale-for-Emotional-Intelligence.pdf
13. Dawood, S., Rahman, N. K., & Sheikh, H. (2007). Development of an indigenous scale for emotional intelligence based on Goleman’s model: A perspective of Pakistani clinical psychologists. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 3-14. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/emr-84707
14. Elizur, D., & Beck, I. M. (1994). Gender differences in achievement motive: A facet analysis of Hungarian samples. The Journal of Psychology, 128(1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1994.9712712
15. Farrelly, D., & Austin, E. (2007). Ability EI as an intelligence? Associations of the MSCEIT with performance on emotion processing and social tasks and with cognitive ability. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 1043-1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601069404
16. Barrett, L. F., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). Sex differences in emotional awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1027-1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672002611001
17. Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.018
18. Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Issues in Paradigm Building. In Cherniss & Goleman (Eds.), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
19. Grewal, D., & Salovey, P. (2005). Feeling smart: The science of emotional intelligence. American Scientist, 93(4), 330-339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27858608
20. Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993). Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 1010-1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1010
21. Habib, S., Saleem, S., & Mahmood, Z. (2013). Development and validation of social intelligence scale for university students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 65-84. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/888
22. Hall, J. A., & Mast, M. S. (2008). Are women always more interpersonally sensitive than men? Impact of goals and content domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(1), 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207309192
23. Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 54–78. 10.1037/a0017286
24. Livingstone, H. A., & Day, A. L. (2005). Comparing the construct and criterion-related validity of ability-based and mixed model measures of emotional intelligence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(5), 757-779. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405275663
25. Lopez-Zafra, E., & Gartzia, L. (2014). Perceptions of gender differences in self-report measures of emotional intelligence. Sex Roles, 70(11-12), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0368-6
26. Lumley, M. A., Gustavson, B. J., Partridge, R. T., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2005). Assessing alexithymia and related emotional ability constructs using multiple methods: interrelationships among measures. Emotion, 5(3), 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.3.329
27. Marks, A. D., Horrocks, K. A., & Schutte, N. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between insecure attachment and subjective health outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.038
28. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3–31). New York, NY: Basic Books.
29. Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 507–536.
30. Megías, A., Gómez-Leal, R., Gutiérrez-Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2018). The relationship between trait psychopathy and emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.003
31. Mokhlesi, M. V., & Patil, C. B. (2018). A study of gender differences in emotional intelligence and learning behaviour among children. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 55-61. 10.25215/0604.047
32. O'Connor, P. J., Hill, A., Kaya, M., & Martin, B. (2019). The measurement of emotional intelligence: A critical review of the literature and recommendations for researchers and practitioners. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01116
33. Palmer, B. R., Gignac, G., Monocha, R., & Stough, C. (2005). A psychometric evaluation of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0. Intelligence, 33(3), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2004.11.003
34. Pérez, J. C., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2005). Measuring trait emotional intelligence. In R. Schulze & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), International handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 123–143). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber.
35. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender‐specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(2), 552-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00019.x
36. Petrides, K. V., and Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality & Indivdual Differences, 29, 313–320. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00195-6
37. Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A., & Mavroveli, S. (2007). Trait emotional intelligence: Moving forward in the field of EI. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. Roberts (Eds.), Emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns (series in affective science) (pp. 151–166). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
38. Petrides, K. V., Mikolajczak, M., Mavroveli, S., Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J., Furnham, A., & Pérez-González, J. C. (2016). Developments in trait emotional intelligence research. Emotion Review, 8(4), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916650493
39. Sahu, T. L., & Das, R. P. (2016). Gender difference and emotional intelligence in selected hospitals-A study. World Scientific News, 59, 1-11.
40. Salavera, C., Usán, P., & Teruel, P. (2019). Contextual problems, emotional intelligence and social skills in Secondary Education students. Gender differences. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 177(3), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.07.008
41. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9(3), 185-211.
42. Schudson, Z. (2021). Psychology’s stewardship of gender/sex. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16, 1105 - 1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211018462.
43. Shahzad, S., & Bagum, N. (2012). Gender differences in trait emotional intelligence: A comparative study. Business Review, 7(2), 106-112.
44. Whitman, D. S., Van Rooy, D. L., Viswesvaran, C., & Kraus, E. (2009). Testing the second order factor structure and measurement equivalence of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale across sex and ethnicity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(6), 1059-1074. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164409344498
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Jun 24, 2024
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Ms.Sara Asad, & Dr. Saima Dawood. (2024). UNVEILING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A GENDER-BASED STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2417-2425. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6911
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Author Biographies
Ms.Sara Asad
PhD Scholar, Centre for Clinical Psychology,University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan,
Dr. Saima Dawood
Professor & Director, Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan,
How to Cite
Ms.Sara Asad, & Dr. Saima Dawood. (2024). UNVEILING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A GENDER-BASED STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2417-2425. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6911