ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN PNEUMONIA: CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES

Abstract

The specific occurrence of dual-resistant bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance, which is usually just called "AMR," are both clinically significant problems that put people's health at great risk around the world. Since the start of this decade, a number of studies have demonstrated a notable increase in the incidence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria that cause public and nosocomial infections all over the world. The AMR causes current medications to become less effective, which increases the fatality rate. The issue's initial causes include improper use of antibiotics in hospitals and at home, improper administration of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, and, in recent years, a lack of funding for the discovery of innovative drugs. Certain environmental variables inhibit the antibiotic's active ingredient, thereby encouraging a mutation of bacterial heredity. In response to the concerning epidemiological data, the World Health Organisation (WHO) coined the motto "No action today, no cure tomorrow" in 2011. The World Health Organisation (WHO) sought to enhance the use of already existing pharmaceuticals while also accelerating the launch of novel drugs through a second phase of research involving both public and private organisations. In order to effectively address this issue, the European Union has emphasised the significance of surveillance as a critical component. Significant shortcomings, including a lack of scientific standards, poor data sharing, and a lack of teamwork among European nations, have prevented the results from living up to expectations. The Ministry of Health in Italy believes that nosocomial infections result in 5000–7000 fatalities annually and cost more than 100 million euros, which makes the situation considerably more alarming. These figures demonstrate the significant amount of work required in the fight against infections. This paper aims to investigate the underlying causes of the phenomenon's recurrence, explain the steps taken by the most important international organizations to combat AMR, and finally propose a possible approach for searching for novel categories of antibiotics.