PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A FIELD-BASED STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Hypertension, prevalence, risk factors, rural health, India
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health concern in rural India, with limited data on its prevalence and risk factors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors in a rural community in India.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 adults aged 18 years and above in a rural community in India. Blood pressure was measured using a standardized protocol, and data on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with hypertension.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 30% (95% CI: 25.9-34.1). Age, gender, education level, smoking status, physical activity level, and family history of hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension in the multivariate analysis. Participants aged >60 years (adjusted OR: 8.50, 95% CI: 3.92-18.41), males (adjusted OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.17-2.80), illiterates (adjusted OR: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.51-5.68), current smokers (adjusted OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.45-3.93), those with low physical activity (adjusted OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.42-3.56), and those with a family history of hypertension (adjusted OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 2.40-5.88) had higher odds of hypertension.
Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of hypertension in the rural community and identified important risk factors. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to prevent and control hypertension in rural India, focusing on high-risk groups and modifiable risk factors.
References
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16. Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Jr., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., MacLaughlin, E. J., Muntner, P., Ovbiagele, B., Smith, S. C., Jr., Spencer, C. C., Stafford, R. S., Taler, S. J., Thomas, R. J., Williams, K. A., Sr., Williamson, J. D., & Wright, J. T., Jr. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(19), e127-e248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006
17. Pandey S, Singh A, Singh TB. A Statistical study to estimate the effects of smoking and cotton dust exposure on lung function of cotton workers of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Community Med Public Health 2017;4:743-6.
18. Bansal, S. K., Saxena, V., Kandpal, S. D., Gray, W. K., Walker, R. W., & Goel, D. (2012). The prevalence of hypertension and hypertension risk factors in a rural Indian community: A prospective door-to-door study. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 3(2), 117-123.
19. Bhadoria, A. S., Kasar, P. K., Toppo, N. A., Bhadoria, P., Pradhan, S., & Kabirpanthi, V. (2014). Prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Central India. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 21(1), 29-38.
20. Bhansali, A., Dhandania, V. K., Deepa, M., Anjana, R. M., Joshi, S. R., Joshi, P. P., ... & Mohan, V. (2015). Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural India: The ICMR-INDIA study. Journal of Human Hypertension, 29(3), 204-209.
21. Pandey S, Singh A, Awasthi S, Kaur S. Construction of nuptiality tables for the hilly rural population of Uttarakhand: 1931-2000. Int J Community Med Public Health 2018;5:1054-9.
22. Gupta, R., Gupta, V. P., Prakash, H., Agrawal, A., Sharma, K. K., & Deedwania, P. C. (2012). 25-Year trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in an Indian urban population: Jaipur Heart Watch. Indian Heart Journal, 64(1), 26-32.
23. Gupta, R., Gaur, K., & Ram, C. V. S. (2017). Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. Journal of Human Hypertension, 33(8), 575-587.
24. Jonas, J. B., Nangia, V., Matin, A., Joshi, P. P., & Ughade, S. N. (2010). Prevalence, awareness, control, and associations of arterial hypertension in a rural Central India population: The Central India Eye and Medical Study. American Journal of Hypertension, 23(4), 347-350.
25. Khanam, M. A., Lindeboom, W., Razzaque, A., Niessen, L., & Milton, A. H. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: Findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 203.
26. Mahmood, S. E., Srivastava, A., Shrotriya, V. P., Shaifali, I., & Mishra, P. (2011). Prevalence and epidemiological correlates of hypertension among labour population. National Journal of Community Medicine, 2(1), 43-48.
27. Meshram, I. I., Vishnu Vardhana Rao, M., Sudershan Rao, V., Laxmaiah, A., & Polasa, K. (2016). Regional variation in the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension and diabetes and their correlates among the adult rural population in India. British Journal of Nutrition, 115(7), 1265-1272.
28. Midha, T., Nath, B., Kumari, R., Rao, Y. K., & Pandey, U. (2013). Prevalence of hypertension in India: A meta-analysis. World Journal of Meta-Analysis, 1(2), 83-89.
29. Mini, G. K., Sarma, P. S., & Thankappan, K. R. (2015). Pattern of alcohol consumption and its correlates among older adults in rural Tamil Nadu. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health, 2(1), 22-28.
30. Thankappan, K. R., Shah, B., Mathur, P., Sarma, P. S., Srinivas, G., Mini, G. K., & Vasan, R. S. (2010). Risk factor profile for chronic non-communicable diseases: Results of a community-based study in Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 131(1), 53-63.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). High blood pressure symptoms and causes. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/about.htm
3. Chauhan, S., Aeri, B. T., & Gupta, P. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among rural population in district Fatehabad, Haryana, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(3), 1158-1164. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1867_20
4. Chinnappa, S. R., Uthappa, C. K., & Shashidhara, Y. N. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults in rural area of Kolar district, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6(7), 2841-2845. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192832
5. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 396(10258), 1223-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2
6. Gupta, R., Gaur, K., & Ram, C. V. S. (2018). Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. Journal of Human Hypertension, 33(8), 575-587. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0117-3
7. Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2017). India: Health of the Nation's States — The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative. https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2017/India_Health_of_the_Nation's_States_Report_2017.pdf
8. Kante, A. M., Sahoo, G. C., & Salve, H. R. (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in rural Telangana, India: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Human Hypertension, 34(6), 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-019-0255-2
9. Kumar, R. (2019). Field-based studies in public health research. Indian Journal of Public Health, 63(2), 97-98. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_290_19
10. Ogah, O. S., Okpechi, I. G., Chukwuonye, I. I., Akinyemi, J. O., Onwubere, B. J., Falase, A. O., Stewart, S., & Sliwa, K. (2020). Blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans: A review. World Journal of Cardiology, 4(12), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v4.i12.327
11. Ramakrishnan, S., Zachariah, G., Gupta, K., Shivkumar Rao, J., Mohanan, P. P., Venugopal, K., Sateesh, S., Sethi, R., Jain, D., Bardolei, N., Mani, K., Kakar, T. S., Kidambi, B., Bhushan, S., Verma, S. K., Bhargava, B., & Prabhakaran, D. (2020). Prevalence of hypertension among Indian adults: Results from the great India blood pressure survey. Indian Heart Journal, 72(2), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2020.03.007
12. Sharma, S., Singh, J., Datta, K. K., & Sharma, N. (2020). Access to healthcare services in rural areas of India: Challenges and solutions. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 10(6), 281-288. https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.10_Issue.6_June2020/IJHSR_Abstract.040.html
13. Pandey S, Singh A, Gaur A. Polynomial approach modeling among diabetic patients associated with age in rural hilly population of Dehradun district, Uttarakhand. Int J Res Med Sci 2018;6:917-21.
14. World Health Organization. (2021). Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension.
15. Pickering, T. G., Hall, J. E., Appel, L. J., Falkner, B. E., Graves, J., Hill, M. N., Jones, D. W., Kurtz, T., Sheps, S. G., & Roccella, E. J. (2005). Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans: A statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension, 45(1), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000150859.47929.8e
16. Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Jr., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., MacLaughlin, E. J., Muntner, P., Ovbiagele, B., Smith, S. C., Jr., Spencer, C. C., Stafford, R. S., Taler, S. J., Thomas, R. J., Williams, K. A., Sr., Williamson, J. D., & Wright, J. T., Jr. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(19), e127-e248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006
17. Pandey S, Singh A, Singh TB. A Statistical study to estimate the effects of smoking and cotton dust exposure on lung function of cotton workers of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Community Med Public Health 2017;4:743-6.
18. Bansal, S. K., Saxena, V., Kandpal, S. D., Gray, W. K., Walker, R. W., & Goel, D. (2012). The prevalence of hypertension and hypertension risk factors in a rural Indian community: A prospective door-to-door study. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 3(2), 117-123.
19. Bhadoria, A. S., Kasar, P. K., Toppo, N. A., Bhadoria, P., Pradhan, S., & Kabirpanthi, V. (2014). Prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Central India. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 21(1), 29-38.
20. Bhansali, A., Dhandania, V. K., Deepa, M., Anjana, R. M., Joshi, S. R., Joshi, P. P., ... & Mohan, V. (2015). Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural India: The ICMR-INDIA study. Journal of Human Hypertension, 29(3), 204-209.
21. Pandey S, Singh A, Awasthi S, Kaur S. Construction of nuptiality tables for the hilly rural population of Uttarakhand: 1931-2000. Int J Community Med Public Health 2018;5:1054-9.
22. Gupta, R., Gupta, V. P., Prakash, H., Agrawal, A., Sharma, K. K., & Deedwania, P. C. (2012). 25-Year trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in an Indian urban population: Jaipur Heart Watch. Indian Heart Journal, 64(1), 26-32.
23. Gupta, R., Gaur, K., & Ram, C. V. S. (2017). Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. Journal of Human Hypertension, 33(8), 575-587.
24. Jonas, J. B., Nangia, V., Matin, A., Joshi, P. P., & Ughade, S. N. (2010). Prevalence, awareness, control, and associations of arterial hypertension in a rural Central India population: The Central India Eye and Medical Study. American Journal of Hypertension, 23(4), 347-350.
25. Khanam, M. A., Lindeboom, W., Razzaque, A., Niessen, L., & Milton, A. H. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: Findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 203.
26. Mahmood, S. E., Srivastava, A., Shrotriya, V. P., Shaifali, I., & Mishra, P. (2011). Prevalence and epidemiological correlates of hypertension among labour population. National Journal of Community Medicine, 2(1), 43-48.
27. Meshram, I. I., Vishnu Vardhana Rao, M., Sudershan Rao, V., Laxmaiah, A., & Polasa, K. (2016). Regional variation in the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension and diabetes and their correlates among the adult rural population in India. British Journal of Nutrition, 115(7), 1265-1272.
28. Midha, T., Nath, B., Kumari, R., Rao, Y. K., & Pandey, U. (2013). Prevalence of hypertension in India: A meta-analysis. World Journal of Meta-Analysis, 1(2), 83-89.
29. Mini, G. K., Sarma, P. S., & Thankappan, K. R. (2015). Pattern of alcohol consumption and its correlates among older adults in rural Tamil Nadu. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health, 2(1), 22-28.
30. Thankappan, K. R., Shah, B., Mathur, P., Sarma, P. S., Srinivas, G., Mini, G. K., & Vasan, R. S. (2010). Risk factor profile for chronic non-communicable diseases: Results of a community-based study in Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 131(1), 53-63.
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Jul 30, 2019
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Dr. Prakash Chandra Sultania, & Dr. Ambuj Kumar Soni. (2019). PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A FIELD-BASED STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 26(3), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v26i3.6438
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Author Biographies
Dr. Prakash Chandra Sultania
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Krishna Mohan Medical College & Hospital, Mathura, India
Dr. Ambuj Kumar Soni
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Krishna Mohan Medical College & Hospital, Mathura, India
How to Cite
Dr. Prakash Chandra Sultania, & Dr. Ambuj Kumar Soni. (2019). PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A FIELD-BASED STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 26(3), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v26i3.6438