THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HEART DISEASE
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Abstract
Introduction: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of various cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease. Objective: The main objective of the study is to find the role of inflammation in the development and progression of heart disease. Material and methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore from February 2022 to march 2023. The study included a total of 245 patients diagnosed with various forms of heart disease, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and arrhythmias. Clinical data, including demographics, medical history, laboratory parameters, imaging findings, and treatment modalities, were collected from electronic medical records. Specific variables of interest included age, gender, smoking status, body mass index, comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes, medication use, anti-inflammatory drugs, inflammatory biomarkers, cardiac imaging results, and clinical outcomes.Results: Data were collected from 245 patients. Mean age of the patients was 60.09 ± 12.81 years. There were 140 (57.1%) male patients and 105 (42.9%) female patients. 90 (36.7%) were smokers and 155 (63.3%) were nonsmokers. The mean levels of biomarkers CRP (C-Reactive Protein), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α), and IL-1β (Interleukin-1β) were 15.3 ± 6.7 pg/mL, 28.9 ± 9.4 pg/mL, 35.2 ± 11.8 pg/mL, and 12.6 ± 5.2 pg/mL, respectively. Median levels (IQR) were 14.5 (10.8-18.2) pg/mL for CRP, 29.1 (25.2-32.7) pg/mL for IL-6, 36.5 (30.4-40.1) pg/mL for TNF-α, and 12.3 (9.5-15.8) pg/mL for IL-1β. Conclusion: It is concluded that inflammatory biomarkers play important role in the development and progression of heart disease. Elevated levels of markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β are indicative of heightened inflammatory activity and are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
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Dr Nusrum Iqbal
Head of Department, Department of Internal Medicine, MD Health Center, Lahore
Samia Israr
Women Medical Officer, Acute Medical Unit, DHQ Okara City
Sana Haider
Final Year MBBS, Central Park Medical College, Lahore
Dr Rameez Akhtar
Medical Director, Department of Cardiology, Luqman International Hospital Mingora Swat
Abdul latif
MBBS, Bannu Medical College
Dr Anmol Rani
Post Graduate Doctor, Department of Internal Medicine DOW Medical College Karachi
Hamzah Afaq Ahmad
General Physician, Department of Medicine and Emergency RPM Medical Complex, Dammam
Hafiz Usama Talha
MBBS, Rai Medical College Sargodha
Iqra Kousar
Bachelor in Cardiac Perfusion Technology, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore