ASSOCIATION OF COVID-19 CO-MORBIDITIES WITH MORTALITY RATE: AN ASSESSMENT-BASED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Main Article Content
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2, Comorbidities, and mortality
Abstract
Background
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus, has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pre-existing health conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, asthma, immunodeficiency, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes, have been shown to enhance the risk of infection and exacerbate prognostic outcomes. Countries that have observed this correlation between COVID-19 mortality and comorbidities include Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Objective: So, the objective of the current study is to analyze how comorbidities affect clinical patterns and outcomes, emphasizing the importance of understanding their role in the severity of COVID-19.
Methodology
The methodology of the study involves conducting research in low- and middle-income countries while utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines for data extraction and screening.
Results
The results of this review analysis revealed that COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, specifically hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular illnesses, respiratory disorders, and smoking, experienced higher mortality rates. It was observed that younger individuals had a greater infection rate, while older individuals faced a higher risk of death due to complications. Notably, the age group between 18 to 59 years, representing the economically active population, exhibited the highest rate of COVID-19 infection. Conversely, individuals aged 60 years and above had a higher fatality rate attributed to disease-related complications.
Conclusion
Comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were found to drastically increase the likelihood of severe outcomes among affected patients. So, the current systematic review findings confirm the close association between pre-existing health conditions and COVID-19-related fatalities.
References
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19. UlHaq Z, Shahzad M, Khattak MI, et al. Clinical Characteristics, Mortality and Associated risk factors in COVID-19 patients reported in ten major hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. AEA Randomized Controlled Trials. 2020;32(4 Suppl 1):633-639. doi: 10.1257/rct.6307-1.0
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21. Gustani-Buss EG, Buss CE, Cavalli LR, et al. Cross-sectional study for COVID-19-related mortality predictors in a Brazilian state-wide landscape: the role of demographic factors, symptoms and comorbidities. BMJ open. 2022;12(10):e056801. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056801
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23. Jassat W, Cohen C, Tempia S, et al. A national cohort study of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality in South Africa: the intersection of communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases in a high HIV prevalence setting. MedRxiv. 2020:2020.2012. 2021.20248409. doi: 10.1101/2020.12.21.20248409
24. Rohith M, Monika N, Rajanna AH, Ravi KJAJoIM. Study of impact of comorbidities on patients with COVID-19 infection. APIK Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021;9(4):233-238. doi: 10.4103/ajim.ajim_69_21
25. Huang S, Wang J, Liu F, et al. COVID-19 patients with hypertension have more severe disease: a multicenter retrospective observational study. 2020;43(8):824-831.
26. Tamura RE, Said SM, de Freitas LM, Rubio IGSJD, syndrome m. Outcome and death risk of diabetes patients with Covid-19 receiving pre-hospital and in-hospital metformin therapies. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2021;13(1):1-13. doi: 10.1186/s13098-021-00695-8
27. Martínez-Martínez OA, Valenzuela-Moreno KA, Coutiño BJIJfEiH. Effect of comorbidities and risk conditions on death from COVID-19 in migrants in Mexico. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2021;20:1-11. doi: 10.1186/s12939-021-01599-9
28. Jha M, Tak M, Gupta R, et al. Relationship of anemia with COVID-19 deaths: A retrospective cross-sectional study. 2022;38(Suppl 1):S115. doi: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_63_22
29. Hartantri Y, Debora J, Widyatmoko L, et al. Clinical and treatment factors associated with the mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to a referral hospital in Indonesia. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia. 2023;11. doi: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100167
30. Vecino-Ortiz AI, Villanueva Congote J, Zapata Bedoya S, Cucunuba ZMJPO. Impact of contact tracing on COVID-19 mortality: An impact evaluation using surveillance data from Colombia. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0246987. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246987
31. Sifuentes-Osornio J, Angulo-Guerrero O, De Anda-Jáuregui G, et al. Probability of hospitalisation and death among COVID-19 patients with comorbidity during outbreaks occurring in Mexico City. Journal of Global Health. 2022;12. doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.05038
32. Koya SF, Ebrahim SH, Bhat LD, et al. COVID-19 and comorbidities: Audit of 2,000 COVID-19 deaths in India. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2021;11(2):230. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.210303.001
33. Dimova R, Stoyanova R, Blagoeva V, Mavrov M, Doykov M. COVID-19 mortality and related comorbidities in hospitalized patients in Bulgaria. Healthcare. 2022. 10:8:1525. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10081535
34. Jassat W, Cohen C, Tempia S, et al. COVID-19 in-hospital mortality in South Africa: The intersection of communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases in a high HIV prevalence setting. Medrixv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.12.21.20248409
35. Jud P, Gressenberger P, Muster V, et al. Evaluation of endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory vasculopathy after SARS-CoV-2 infection—a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021;8:750887. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.750887
36. Bae S, Kim SR, Kim M-N, Shim WJ, Park S-M. Impact of cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 according to age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2021;107(5):373-380. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317901
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May 15, 2024
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How to Cite
Adeel Aslam, Fahad Asim, Aamna Habib, Sadia Rafique, Wajiha Tahir, Rafia Anjum, Adiya Afzal, Tayyeba Mirza, Hamna Zaheer, Abdul Qader, Muhammad Sarfraz, & Kanwal Asif. (2024). ASSOCIATION OF COVID-19 CO-MORBIDITIES WITH MORTALITY RATE: AN ASSESSMENT-BASED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(5), 727-742. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i5.5986
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Author Biographies
Adeel Aslam
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Fahad Asim
Lecturer in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Aamna Habib
Medina College of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad Pakistan
Sadia Rafique
Department of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad Pakistan
Wajiha Tahir
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Rafia Anjum
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Adiya Afzal
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Tayyeba Mirza
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Hamna Zaheer
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Abdul Qader
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan/ Primary and Secondary Health Care Department Government of Punjab Pakistan
Muhammad Sarfraz
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Kanwal Asif
Senior Lecturer in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rashid Latif College of Pharmacy, Rashid Latif Khan University, Lahore, Pakistan
How to Cite
Adeel Aslam, Fahad Asim, Aamna Habib, Sadia Rafique, Wajiha Tahir, Rafia Anjum, Adiya Afzal, Tayyeba Mirza, Hamna Zaheer, Abdul Qader, Muhammad Sarfraz, & Kanwal Asif. (2024). ASSOCIATION OF COVID-19 CO-MORBIDITIES WITH MORTALITY RATE: AN ASSESSMENT-BASED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(5), 727-742. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i5.5986