Impact of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Usage and Awareness of Side Effects among the Population
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Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for pain relief, inflammation, and fever reduction. This study examines the patterns of NSAID use and awareness of their side-effects in the adult population, along with sociodemographic associations.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 604 adults aged >18 years using a validated questionnaire to collect data on NSAID use and sociodemographic factors.
Results: Most respondents were NSAID users (65.7%), predominantly female (53.4%), and aged under 50 years (74.5%). Around 42.6% had received NSAIDs through physician prescriptions. Male gender and smoking were negatively correlated with NSAID use (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4–0.8, p=0.001; OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.8, p=0.003). Ministry of Health Insurance was associated with NSAID use (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.6, p=0.03). Awareness of kidney-related side-effects was at 65.1%, while awareness of asthma and allergy risks was at 22.4%.
Conclusion: Despite widespread NSAID usage in Jordan, there is limited awareness of their side-effects and interactions, highlighting the need for enhanced patient safety education during physician-prescribed NSAID use.
References
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21. Floor-Schreudering, A., De Smet, P.A.G.M., Buurma, H., et al. NSAID-antihypertensive drug interactions: which outpatients are at risk for a rise in systolic blood pressure? Eur J Prev Cardiol, 22(1), 91–99. doi: 10.1177/2047487313505243.
22. Brook, R.D., Kramer, M.B., Blaxall, B.C., et al. (2000). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens, 2(5), 319–323.
23. Porteous, T., Bond, C., Hannaford, P., et al. (2005). How and why are non-prescription analgesics used in Scotland? Fam Pract, 22(1), 78–85. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmh719.
24. Roshi, D., Toçi, E., Burazeri, G., et al. (2017). Users’ knowledge about adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Tirana, Albania. Mater Sociomed, 29(2), 138–142. doi: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.138-142.
25. Indermitte, J., Reber, D., Beutler, M., et al. (2007). Prevalence and patient awareness of selected potential drug interactions with self-medication. J Clin Pharm Ther, 32(2), 149–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00809.x.
26. Popa, M. (2011). An examination of awareness of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and adverse events [PhD thesis]. Minneapolis (MN): Walden University.
27. Albsoul-Younes, A.M., Jabateh, S.K., Abdel-Hafiz, S.M., et al. (2004). Awareness and frequency of potential side effects on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the Jordanian patient population. Saudi Med J, 25(7), 907–911.
28. Mullan, J., Weston, K.M., Bonney, A., et al. (2017). Consumer knowledge about over the counter NSAIDs: they don’t know what they don’t know. Aust N Z J Public Health, 41(2), 210–214. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12589.
29. Fine, M. (2013). Quantifying the impact of NSAID-associated adverse events. Am J Manag Care, 19(14 Suppl), s267–s272.
2. Koffeman, A.R., Valkhoff, V.E., Celik, S., et al. (2014). High-risk use of over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a population-based cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract, 64(621), e191–e198. doi: 10.3399/bjgp14X677815.
3. Hughes, C.M., McElnay, J.C., Fleming, G.F. (2001). Benefits and risks of self-medication. Drug Saf, 24(14), 1027–1037. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200124140-00002.
4. Brooks, P. (1998). Use and benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med, 104(3A), 9S–13S. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00204-0.
5. Cham, E., Hall, L., Ernst, A.A., et al. (2002). Awareness and use of over-the-counter pain medications: a survey of emergency department patients. South Med J, 95(5), 529–535. doi: 10.1097/00007611-200295050-00014.
6. Banerjee, I., Bhadury, T. (2012). Self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care medical college, West Bengal. J Postgrad Med, 58(2), 127–131. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.9717.
7. Conaghan, P.G. (2012). A turbulent decade for NSAIDs: update on current concepts of classification, epidemiology, comparative efficacy, and toxicity. Rheumatol Int, 32(6), 1491–1502. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-2263-6.
8. Davis, A., Robson, J. (2016). The dangers of NSAIDs: look both ways. Br J Gen Pract, 66(645), 172–173. doi: 10.3399/bjgp16X684433.
9. Pirmohamed, M., James, S., Meakin, S., et al. (2004). Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ, 329(7456), 15–19. doi: 10.1136/bmj.329.7456.15.
10. Kifle, Z.D., Mekuria, A.B., Anteneh, D.A., et al. (2021). Self-medication practice and associated factors among private health sciences students in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. Inquiry, 58, 469580211005188. doi: 10.1177/00469580211005188.
11. Varpaei, H.A., Onsori, P., Esmaeili, F., et al. (2020). Self-medication practice, its causes and risk factors among people in Tehran, Iran: a descriptive-analytic study. J Commun Med, 3(1), 1025.
12. Amirimoghadam, P., Zihayat, B., Dabaghzadeh, F., et al. (2017). Evaluation and awareness of over-the-counter use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Appl Pharm Sci, 7(3), 154–159. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70325.
13. Duong, M., Salvo, F., Pariente, A., et al. (2014). Usage patterns of ‘over the counter’ vs. prescription-strength nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in France. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 77(5), 887–895. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12239.
14. Sarganas, G., Buttery, A.K., Zhuang, W., et al. (2015). Prevalence, trends, patterns and associations of analgesic use in Germany. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 16(1), 28. doi: 10.1186/s40360-015-0028-7.
15. Divo, M.J., Martinez, C.H., Mannino, D.M. (2014). Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity. Eur Respir J, 44(4), 1055–1068. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00059814.
16. Pulvers, K., Hood, A., Limas, E.F., et al. (2012). Female smokers show lower pain tolerance in a physical distress task. Addict Behav, 37(10), 1167–1170. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.05.002.
17. Ditre, J.W., Brandon, T.H., Zale, E.L., et al. (2011). Pain, nicotine, and smoking: research findings and mechanistic considerations. Psychol Bull, 137(6), 1065–1093. doi: 10.1037/a0025544.
18. Lei, X., Jiang, H., Liu, C., et al. (2018). Self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(1), 68. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010068.
19. Abd ElHafeez, S., Hegazy, R., Naga, Y., et al. (2019). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among chronic kidney disease patients: an epidemiological study. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 94(1), 8. doi: 10.1186/s42506-018-0005-2.
20. Polónia, J. (1997). Interaction of antihypertensive drugs with anti-inflammatory drugs. Cardiology, 88(Suppl. 3), 47–51. doi: 10.1159/000177507.
21. Floor-Schreudering, A., De Smet, P.A.G.M., Buurma, H., et al. NSAID-antihypertensive drug interactions: which outpatients are at risk for a rise in systolic blood pressure? Eur J Prev Cardiol, 22(1), 91–99. doi: 10.1177/2047487313505243.
22. Brook, R.D., Kramer, M.B., Blaxall, B.C., et al. (2000). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens, 2(5), 319–323.
23. Porteous, T., Bond, C., Hannaford, P., et al. (2005). How and why are non-prescription analgesics used in Scotland? Fam Pract, 22(1), 78–85. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmh719.
24. Roshi, D., Toçi, E., Burazeri, G., et al. (2017). Users’ knowledge about adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Tirana, Albania. Mater Sociomed, 29(2), 138–142. doi: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.138-142.
25. Indermitte, J., Reber, D., Beutler, M., et al. (2007). Prevalence and patient awareness of selected potential drug interactions with self-medication. J Clin Pharm Ther, 32(2), 149–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00809.x.
26. Popa, M. (2011). An examination of awareness of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and adverse events [PhD thesis]. Minneapolis (MN): Walden University.
27. Albsoul-Younes, A.M., Jabateh, S.K., Abdel-Hafiz, S.M., et al. (2004). Awareness and frequency of potential side effects on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the Jordanian patient population. Saudi Med J, 25(7), 907–911.
28. Mullan, J., Weston, K.M., Bonney, A., et al. (2017). Consumer knowledge about over the counter NSAIDs: they don’t know what they don’t know. Aust N Z J Public Health, 41(2), 210–214. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12589.
29. Fine, M. (2013). Quantifying the impact of NSAID-associated adverse events. Am J Manag Care, 19(14 Suppl), s267–s272.
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Dec 22, 2022
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How to Cite
Thamer Atiah Sbr Alanazi, Anwar Matar N Alanazi, Fahad Saleh Al-Enzai, Mohammed Mossa Alanazi, Ahmed Aqeel Hadad Alshammari, Ahmad Faleh N Alharbi. (2022). Impact of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Usage and Awareness of Side Effects among the Population. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(03), 481-487. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i03.5413
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All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Thamer Atiah Sbr Alanazi, Anwar Matar N Alanazi, Fahad Saleh Al-Enzai, Mohammed Mossa Alanazi, Ahmed Aqeel Hadad Alshammari, Ahmad Faleh N Alharbi. (2022). Impact of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Usage and Awareness of Side Effects among the Population. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(03), 481-487. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i03.5413