THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
.
Abstract
Objective: The involvement of oxidative stress in cell death mechanisms during neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), along with the exploration of antioxidant therapeutic strategies.
Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, ALS, and Parkinson's disease. These diseases are characterized by selective neuronal loss and the accumulation of intracytoplasmic materials, suggesting common physiopathological mechanisms. The increase in disease frequency with age, existence of sporadic and familial forms, and possible co-occurrence of these conditions in certain populations further support the role of oxidative stress.
Methods: This review synthesizes literature on the involvement of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease, ALS, and Parkinson's disease, highlighting abnormal markers of oxidative stress in these conditions. The review also discusses antioxidant therapeutic strategies and their efficacy in clinical trials.
Results: In Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress is associated with beta-amyloid protein, inflammation, and neuronal calcium metabolism disturbances. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, selegiline, vitamin C, Ginkgo Biloba extract, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs show promising effects. In ALS, hypotheses include excitotoxicity and genetic mutations affecting superoxide dismutase. Antioxidant trials have shown limited efficacy, with vitamin E in combination with riluzole being the most promising. In Parkinson's disease, oxidative stress contributes to dopaminergic neuron death, with evidence implicating iron accumulation and respiratory chain dysfunction. Selegiline demonstrates efficacy, while vitamin E shows mixed results.
Conclusion: Oxidative stress plays a significant role in neurodegenerative diseases, contributing to cell death mechanisms. Antioxidant therapies have been explored, showing variable efficacy across different conditions. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of oxidative stress and optimize therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
References
2. Dubey, S. and E. Singh (2023). "Antioxidants: An approach for restricting oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease." Inflammopharmacology 31(2): 717-730.
3. Hurst, J. and S. Schnichels (2023). "Brain vs. retina-Differences and commonalities: The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases." Frontiers in Neuroscience 17: 1171235.
4. Korovesis, D., et al. (2023). "Oxidative stress in age-related neurodegenerative diseases: An overview of recent tools and findings." Antioxidants 12(1): 131.
5. Olufunmilayo, E. O., et al. (2023). "Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders." Antioxidants 12(2): 517.
6. Rehman, M. U., et al. (2023). "Mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on current advances and impediments." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 144: 104961.
7. Sharma, H., et al. (2023). "Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Alleviates Oxidative Stress, Exerts Potential Anti-Glycation and Anti-AChE Activity: A Multitargeting Neuroprotective Agent against Neurodegenerative Diseases." Antioxidants 12(5): 1089.
8. Tchekalarova, J. and R. Tzoneva (2023). "Oxidative Stress and Aging as Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: The Role of the Antioxidant Melatonin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(3): 3022.
9. Akhtar, F., et al. (2023). "Smartphone addiction among students and its harmful effects on mental health, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration towards future modulation of anti-addiction therapies: a comprehensive survey based on SLR, Research questions, and network visualization techniques." CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders) 22(7): 1070-1089.
10. Dubey, S. and E. Singh (2023). "Antioxidants: An approach for restricting oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease." Inflammopharmacology 31(2): 717-730.
11. Hurst, J. and S. Schnichels (2023). "Brain vs. retina-Differences and commonalities: The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases." Frontiers in Neuroscience 17: 1171235.
12. Korovesis, D., et al. (2023). "Oxidative stress in age-related neurodegenerative diseases: An overview of recent tools and findings." Antioxidants 12(1): 131.
13. Olufunmilayo, E. O., et al. (2023). "Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders." Antioxidants 12(2): 517.
14. Rehman, M. U., et al. (2023). "Mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on current advances and impediments." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 144: 104961.
15. Sharma, H., et al. (2023). "Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Alleviates Oxidative Stress, Exerts Potential Anti-Glycation and Anti-AChE Activity: A Multitargeting Neuroprotective Agent against Neurodegenerative Diseases." Antioxidants 12(5): 1089.
16. Tchekalarova, J. and R. Tzoneva (2023). "Oxidative Stress and Aging as Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: The Role of the Antioxidant Melatonin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(3): 3022.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Farheen Anjum
Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Balochistan University of information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
Dr. Anum Zahra
Senior Registrar, Department of Neurology, Rahbar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan,
Tanzeela Noreen Alvi
Research Associate, School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan,
Dr. Syna Pervaiz Singha
Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan,
Dr. Amir Derick
Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Biology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, Pakistan,
Dr. Abroo Fatima Qazi
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan