PREVALENCE OF BODY MASS INDEX AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH INTERPERSONAL FAMILY-LEVEL FACTORS AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
BMI, Pakistan, Children, Adolescents, Socio demographic, SES, Obese, CDC-US 2000
Abstract
Background: Underweight, overweight and obesity are one of the biggest issues of the 21st century. Small and medium income countries are particularly affected by these risks. Therefore, it is surprising that the last study on the situation in Pakistan was conducted 10 years ago. An update on the BMI of Pakistani students and possible reasons is therefore highly needed.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) among 4,201 Pakistani students. The results were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis to explore the association between BMI and various demographic and family-level factors, elucidating weight status.
Results: One in five children in the study exhibited underweight (23%), while overweight and obesity were diagnosed in 5.5% and 5.6% of Pakistani schoolchildren, respectively. Significant associations were found between weight status and socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, school type, age, and family-level factors including the number of siblings and parents' job nature. However, neither educational status nor parental income showed significant effects on the risks of underweight, overweight, or obesity.
Conclusions: The prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Pakistan surpasses that of many other countries, with only 65% of children achieving a normal BMI status. Particularly concerning is the worsening situation regarding underweight. However, these findings provide valuable insights for establishing targeted intervention programs aimed at improving nutrition and increasing physical activity, especially among vulnerable student groups.
References
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Tanveer, M., Hohmann, A., Roy, N., Zeba, A., Tanveer, U., & Siener, M. (2022). The current prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity associated with demographic factors among Pakistan school-aged children and adolescents—An empirical cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11619.
Tanveer, M., Roy, N., Zeba, A., Haider, S., Albarha, N. S., Tanveer, N., ... & Tanveer, U. (2022). Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Associated with Demographic Factors among Pakistan School-Aged Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(06), 212-212.
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Mushtaq, M. U., Gull, S., Mushtaq, K., Shahid, U., Shad, M. A., & Akram, J. (2011). Dietary behaviors, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle associated with overweight and obesity, and their socio-demographic correlates, among Pakistani primary school children. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 8, 130..
Tanveer, M., Tanveer, U., Afzal, M., Rana, N., Nagra, R., Anjum, W., & Haseeb, M. (2022). Community-Level Factors Associated with Body Mass Index Among Pakistani School-Aged Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(09), 463-463.
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Danquah, F. I., Ansu-Mensah, M., Bawontuo, V., Yeboah, M., Udoh, R. H., Tahiru, M., & Kuupiel, D. (2020). Risk factors and morbidities associated with childhood obesity in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic scoping review. BMC nutrition, 6, 37.
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Ford, N. D., Patel, S. A., & Narayan, K. M. (2017). Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges. Annual review of public health, 38, 145–164..
Neuman, M., Kawachi, I., Gortmaker, S., & Subramanian, S. V. (2013). Urban-rural differences in BMI in low- and middle-income countries: the role of socioeconomic status. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(2), 428–436.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019). Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569(7755), 260–264.
Tanveer, M., Tanveer, U., Tanveer, N., Roy, N., Zeba, A., & Razzaq, F. A. (2022). Parental Health Attitudes and knowledge Factors Associated with Body Mass Index among Pakistani School-Aged Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(09), 479-479.
Al-Saeed, W. Y., Al-Dawood, K. M., Bukhari, I. A., & Bahnassy, A. (2007). Prevalence and socioeconomic risk factors of obesity among urban female students in Al-Khobar city, Eastern Saudi Arabia, 2003. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 8(2), 93–99.
The World Bank (2021). Lower middle income data. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/XN
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World Health Organization (2014). Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-profiles2014/en/
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Lazzeri, G., Azzolini, E., Pammolli, A., De Wet, D. R., & Giacchi, M. V. (2013). Correlation between physical activity and sedentary behavior with healthy and unhealthy behaviors in Italy and Tuscan region: a cross sectional study. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 54(1), 41–48.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 295(13), 1549–1555.
Multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of intelligence and education on health DOI:
Ickovics, J. R., Duffany, K. O., Shebl, F. M., Peters, S. M., Read, M. A., Gilstad-Hayden, K. R., & Schwartz, M. B. (2019). Implementing School-Based Policies to Prevent Obesity: Cluster Randomized Trial. American journal of preventive medicine, 56(1), e1–e11.
Dos Santos, F. K., Moura Dos Santos, M. A., Almeida, M. B., Nobre, I. G., Nobre, G. G., Ferreira E Silva, W. T., Gomes, T. N., António Ribeiro Maia, J., & Leandro, C. G. (2018). Biological and behavioral correlates of body weight status among rural Northeast Brazilian schoolchildren. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 30(3), e23096.
Dutta, K., Mukherjee, R., Das, R., Chowdhury, A., Sen, D., & Sahu, S. (2021). Scheduled optimal sleep duration and screen exposure time promotes cognitive performance and healthy BMI: a study among rural school children of India. Biological Rhythm Research, 52(10), 1501-1513.
Effect of the Family Food Environment and Dietary Behaviors on Obese Children and Adolescents Article in Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism • January 2016 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000661
Charilaou, M., Karekla, M., Constantinou, M., & Price, S. (2009). Relationship between physical activity and type of smoking behavior among adolescents and young adults in Cyprus. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 11(8), 969–976.
Czyż, S. H., Toriola, A. L., Starościak, W., Lewandowski, M., Paul, Y., & Oyeyemi, A. L. (2017). Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, or Diet-What Are the Correlates of Obesity in Polish School Children?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(6), 664.
Mansoori, N., Nisar, N., Shahid, N., Mubeen, S. M., & Ahsan, S. (2018). Prevalence of obesity and its risk factors among school children in Karachi, Pakistan. Tropical doctor, 48(4), 266–269.
Keykhaei, F., Shahraki, M., Sargolhosseinzadeh, E., Shahraki, T., & Dashipour, A. (2016). Correlation of Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Among 7- to 11-Year Children at Zahedan, Iran. Food and nutrition bulletin, 37(3), 364–374.
Chen, S. T., Liu, Y., Tremblay, M. S., Hong, J. T., Tang, Y., Cao, Z. B., Zhuang, J., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., Wang, L., Cai, Y., & Chen, P. (2021). Meeting 24-h movement guidelines: Prevalence, correlates, and the relationships with overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of sport and health science, 10(3), 349–359.
BMI, A. W. S. Stature Weight-for-age percentiles-for-age and. AGE (YEARS), 16(17), 18-19.
Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Flegal, K. M., Guo, S. S., Wei, R., Mei, Z., Curtin, L. R., Roche, A. F., & Johnson, C. L. (2000). CDC growth charts: United States. Advance data, (314), 1–27.
Syahrul, S., Kimura, R., Tsuda, A., Susanto, T., Saito, R., & Ahmad, F. (2016). Prevalence of underweight and overweight among school-aged children and it's association with children's sociodemographic and lifestyle in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 3(2), 169-177.
Ahmed, J., Laghari, A., Naseer, M., & Mehraj, V. (2013). Prevalence of and factors associated with obesity among Pakistani schoolchildren: a school-based, cross-sectional study. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 19(3), 242–247.
Khan, S., Abbas, A., Ali, I., Arshad, R., Tareen, M. B. K., & Shah, M. I. (2019). Prevalence of overweight and obesity and lifestyle assessment among school–going children of Multan.
BMI, A. W. S. Stature Weight-for-age percentiles-for-age and. AGE (YEARS), 16(17), 18-19.
Global Obesity Observatory (2021). Pakistan. https://data.worldobesity.org/country/pakistan-167/#data_prevalence
Ames, M. E., Holfeld, B., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2016). Sex and age group differences in the associations between sleep duration and BMI from adolescence to young adulthood. Psychology & health, 31(8), 976–992.
Nayak, B. S., & Bhat, V. H. (2011). Prevalence of overweight/obesity among school children in Karnataka, South India. International Journal of public health Research, 35(1), 180-184.
Saha, M., Adhikary, D. K., Parvin, I., Sharma, Y. R., Akhter, F., & Majumder, M. (2018). Obesity and Its Risk Factors of among School Children in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 16(2), 205–208.
Adom, T., De Villiers, A., Puoane, T., & Kengne, A. P. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among school children in an urban district in Ghana. BMC obesity, 6, 14.
Azmatulla, S., & Garg, R. (2021). A comparison study on the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors among school Children. International Journal of Health and Clinical Research, 4(1), 21-24.
Ashtekar, S. V., Mantri, S. B., & Wadagale, A. V. (2014). Prevalence and epidemiology of overweight and obesity among Upper Primary School Children in Latur City. Int Med J, 1, 15-9.
Bacardi-Gascón, M., Jiménez-Cruz, A., Jones, E., Velasquez Perez, I., & Loaiza Martinez, J. A. (2009). Trends of overweight and obesity among children in Tijuana, Mexico. Ecology of food and nutrition, 48(3), 226–236.
Smolej Narancic, N., Zivicnjak, M., Škaric-Juric, T., Bišof, V., Barbalic, M., & Rudan, P. (2005). Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Zagreb Croatia. Auxology. Savaria University Press, Szombathely, 89-95.
Anwar, A., Anwar, F., Joiya, H. U., Ijaz, A., Rashid, H., Javaid, A., & Mehmood, M. (2010). Prevalence of obesity among the school-going children of Lahore and associated factors. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 22(4), 27–32.
Abraham, R. J., & Pillai, P. C. (2019). Survey of obesity among school children in rural Kerala, India.
Moreira, S., & Gonçalves, L. (2020). Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Versus Native Parents: Exploring a Local Setting in Portugal. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7897.
Ghrayeb, F. A., Rusli, M., Al Rifai, A., & Ismail, M. (2013). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Tarqumia, Palestine. Canadian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 49-57.
Vohra, R., Bhardwaj, P., Srivastava, J. P., Srivastava, S., & Vohra, A. (2011). Overweight and obesity among school-going children of Lucknow city. Journal of family & community medicine, 18(2), 59–62.
Cai, Y., Zhu, X., & Wu, X. (2017). Overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study. Journal of sport and health science, 6(4), 404–409.
Zhu, Z., Yang, Y., Kong, Z., Zhang, Y., & Zhuang, J. (2017). Prevalence of physical fitness in Chinese school-aged children: Findings from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study. Journal of sport and health science, 6(4), 395–403.
World obesity federation (2021, 09) https://www.worldobesity.org/what-we-do/our-policy-priorities/childhood-obesity
Haththotuwa, R. N., Wijeyaratne, C. N., & Senarath, U. (2020). Worldwide epidemic of obesity. In Obesity and obstetrics (pp. 3-8). Elsevier.
Tanveer, M., Hohmann, A., Roy, N., Zeba, A., Tanveer, U., & Siener, M. (2022). The current prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity associated with demographic factors among Pakistan school-aged children and adolescents—An empirical cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11619.
Tanveer, M., Roy, N., Zeba, A., Haider, S., Albarha, N. S., Tanveer, N., ... & Tanveer, U. (2022). Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Associated with Demographic Factors among Pakistan School-Aged Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(06), 212-212.
Pelusi, C., Altieri, P., Gambineri, A., Repaci, A., Cavazza, C., Fanelli, F., Morselli-Labate, A. M., Pagotto, U., & Pasquali, R. (2019). Behavioral, socio-environmental, educational and demographic correlates of excess body weight in Italian adolescents and young adults. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 29(3), 279–289.
Mushtaq, M. U., Gull, S., Mushtaq, K., Shahid, U., Shad, M. A., & Akram, J. (2011). Dietary behaviors, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle associated with overweight and obesity, and their socio-demographic correlates, among Pakistani primary school children. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 8, 130..
Tanveer, M., Tanveer, U., Afzal, M., Rana, N., Nagra, R., Anjum, W., & Haseeb, M. (2022). Community-Level Factors Associated with Body Mass Index Among Pakistani School-Aged Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(09), 463-463.
Kilic, E., Özer, Ö. F., Erek Toprak, A., Erman, H., Torun, E., Kesgin Ayhan, S., Caglar, H. G., Selek, S., & Kocyigit, A. (2016). Oxidative Stress Status in Childhood Obesity: A Potential Risk Predictor. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 22, 3673–3679.
De Sevilla, G. G. P., Lamana, R. Z., García-Merino, S., & Cuevas, I. C. Topic review Childhood Overweight and Cold Climates Subjects: Pediatrics View times: 16.
Danquah, F. I., Ansu-Mensah, M., Bawontuo, V., Yeboah, M., Udoh, R. H., Tahiru, M., & Kuupiel, D. (2020). Risk factors and morbidities associated with childhood obesity in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic scoping review. BMC nutrition, 6, 37.
World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight: Fact Sheet. 2020 Apr 01. URL: https://www. who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [accessed 2020-08-24].
Ford, N. D., Patel, S. A., & Narayan, K. M. (2017). Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges. Annual review of public health, 38, 145–164..
Neuman, M., Kawachi, I., Gortmaker, S., & Subramanian, S. V. (2013). Urban-rural differences in BMI in low- and middle-income countries: the role of socioeconomic status. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(2), 428–436.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019). Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569(7755), 260–264.
Tanveer, M., Tanveer, U., Tanveer, N., Roy, N., Zeba, A., & Razzaq, F. A. (2022). Parental Health Attitudes and knowledge Factors Associated with Body Mass Index among Pakistani School-Aged Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(09), 479-479.
Al-Saeed, W. Y., Al-Dawood, K. M., Bukhari, I. A., & Bahnassy, A. (2007). Prevalence and socioeconomic risk factors of obesity among urban female students in Al-Khobar city, Eastern Saudi Arabia, 2003. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 8(2), 93–99.
The World Bank (2021). Lower middle income data. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/XN
Global hunger index (2021). Pakistan. Retrieved from https://www.globalhungerindex.org › pakistan
World Health Organization (2014). Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-profiles2014/en/
Lobstein, T., & Brinsden, H. (2019). Atlas of childhood obesity. World Obesity Federation, 211.
World health organization (2016). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/diabetes/country profiles/Pakistan
Duan, J., Hu, H., Wang, G., & Arao, T. (2015). Study on Current Levels of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Middle School Students in Beijing, China. PloS one, 10(7), e0133544.
Lazzeri, G., Azzolini, E., Pammolli, A., De Wet, D. R., & Giacchi, M. V. (2013). Correlation between physical activity and sedentary behavior with healthy and unhealthy behaviors in Italy and Tuscan region: a cross sectional study. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 54(1), 41–48.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 295(13), 1549–1555.
Multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of intelligence and education on health DOI:
Ickovics, J. R., Duffany, K. O., Shebl, F. M., Peters, S. M., Read, M. A., Gilstad-Hayden, K. R., & Schwartz, M. B. (2019). Implementing School-Based Policies to Prevent Obesity: Cluster Randomized Trial. American journal of preventive medicine, 56(1), e1–e11.
Dos Santos, F. K., Moura Dos Santos, M. A., Almeida, M. B., Nobre, I. G., Nobre, G. G., Ferreira E Silva, W. T., Gomes, T. N., António Ribeiro Maia, J., & Leandro, C. G. (2018). Biological and behavioral correlates of body weight status among rural Northeast Brazilian schoolchildren. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 30(3), e23096.
Dutta, K., Mukherjee, R., Das, R., Chowdhury, A., Sen, D., & Sahu, S. (2021). Scheduled optimal sleep duration and screen exposure time promotes cognitive performance and healthy BMI: a study among rural school children of India. Biological Rhythm Research, 52(10), 1501-1513.
Effect of the Family Food Environment and Dietary Behaviors on Obese Children and Adolescents Article in Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism • January 2016 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000661
Charilaou, M., Karekla, M., Constantinou, M., & Price, S. (2009). Relationship between physical activity and type of smoking behavior among adolescents and young adults in Cyprus. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 11(8), 969–976.
Czyż, S. H., Toriola, A. L., Starościak, W., Lewandowski, M., Paul, Y., & Oyeyemi, A. L. (2017). Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, or Diet-What Are the Correlates of Obesity in Polish School Children?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(6), 664.
Mansoori, N., Nisar, N., Shahid, N., Mubeen, S. M., & Ahsan, S. (2018). Prevalence of obesity and its risk factors among school children in Karachi, Pakistan. Tropical doctor, 48(4), 266–269.
Keykhaei, F., Shahraki, M., Sargolhosseinzadeh, E., Shahraki, T., & Dashipour, A. (2016). Correlation of Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Among 7- to 11-Year Children at Zahedan, Iran. Food and nutrition bulletin, 37(3), 364–374.
Chen, S. T., Liu, Y., Tremblay, M. S., Hong, J. T., Tang, Y., Cao, Z. B., Zhuang, J., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., Wang, L., Cai, Y., & Chen, P. (2021). Meeting 24-h movement guidelines: Prevalence, correlates, and the relationships with overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of sport and health science, 10(3), 349–359.
BMI, A. W. S. Stature Weight-for-age percentiles-for-age and. AGE (YEARS), 16(17), 18-19.
Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Flegal, K. M., Guo, S. S., Wei, R., Mei, Z., Curtin, L. R., Roche, A. F., & Johnson, C. L. (2000). CDC growth charts: United States. Advance data, (314), 1–27.
Syahrul, S., Kimura, R., Tsuda, A., Susanto, T., Saito, R., & Ahmad, F. (2016). Prevalence of underweight and overweight among school-aged children and it's association with children's sociodemographic and lifestyle in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 3(2), 169-177.
Ahmed, J., Laghari, A., Naseer, M., & Mehraj, V. (2013). Prevalence of and factors associated with obesity among Pakistani schoolchildren: a school-based, cross-sectional study. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 19(3), 242–247.
Khan, S., Abbas, A., Ali, I., Arshad, R., Tareen, M. B. K., & Shah, M. I. (2019). Prevalence of overweight and obesity and lifestyle assessment among school–going children of Multan.
BMI, A. W. S. Stature Weight-for-age percentiles-for-age and. AGE (YEARS), 16(17), 18-19.
Global Obesity Observatory (2021). Pakistan. https://data.worldobesity.org/country/pakistan-167/#data_prevalence
Ames, M. E., Holfeld, B., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2016). Sex and age group differences in the associations between sleep duration and BMI from adolescence to young adulthood. Psychology & health, 31(8), 976–992.
Nayak, B. S., & Bhat, V. H. (2011). Prevalence of overweight/obesity among school children in Karnataka, South India. International Journal of public health Research, 35(1), 180-184.
Saha, M., Adhikary, D. K., Parvin, I., Sharma, Y. R., Akhter, F., & Majumder, M. (2018). Obesity and Its Risk Factors of among School Children in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 16(2), 205–208.
Adom, T., De Villiers, A., Puoane, T., & Kengne, A. P. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among school children in an urban district in Ghana. BMC obesity, 6, 14.
Azmatulla, S., & Garg, R. (2021). A comparison study on the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors among school Children. International Journal of Health and Clinical Research, 4(1), 21-24.
Ashtekar, S. V., Mantri, S. B., & Wadagale, A. V. (2014). Prevalence and epidemiology of overweight and obesity among Upper Primary School Children in Latur City. Int Med J, 1, 15-9.
Bacardi-Gascón, M., Jiménez-Cruz, A., Jones, E., Velasquez Perez, I., & Loaiza Martinez, J. A. (2009). Trends of overweight and obesity among children in Tijuana, Mexico. Ecology of food and nutrition, 48(3), 226–236.
Smolej Narancic, N., Zivicnjak, M., Škaric-Juric, T., Bišof, V., Barbalic, M., & Rudan, P. (2005). Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Zagreb Croatia. Auxology. Savaria University Press, Szombathely, 89-95.
Anwar, A., Anwar, F., Joiya, H. U., Ijaz, A., Rashid, H., Javaid, A., & Mehmood, M. (2010). Prevalence of obesity among the school-going children of Lahore and associated factors. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 22(4), 27–32.
Abraham, R. J., & Pillai, P. C. (2019). Survey of obesity among school children in rural Kerala, India.
Moreira, S., & Gonçalves, L. (2020). Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Versus Native Parents: Exploring a Local Setting in Portugal. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7897.
Ghrayeb, F. A., Rusli, M., Al Rifai, A., & Ismail, M. (2013). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Tarqumia, Palestine. Canadian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 49-57.
Vohra, R., Bhardwaj, P., Srivastava, J. P., Srivastava, S., & Vohra, A. (2011). Overweight and obesity among school-going children of Lucknow city. Journal of family & community medicine, 18(2), 59–62.
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Feb 24, 2024
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Moazzam Tanveer, Umar Tanveer, Asifa Zeba, & Maximilian Siener. (2024). PREVALENCE OF BODY MASS INDEX AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH INTERPERSONAL FAMILY-LEVEL FACTORS AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 2365-2376. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4576
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Author Biographies
Moazzam Tanveer
School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
Umar Tanveer
Department of Mass Communication, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Asifa Zeba
Department of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Maximilian Siener
Department of Training Science & Kinesiology, BaySpo ‒ Bayreuth Centrum of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
How to Cite
Moazzam Tanveer, Umar Tanveer, Asifa Zeba, & Maximilian Siener. (2024). PREVALENCE OF BODY MASS INDEX AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH INTERPERSONAL FAMILY-LEVEL FACTORS AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 2365-2376. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4576