ACUTE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEED: ETIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF NORTH WEST REGION OF PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common GI emergency throughout the world especially in the developing countries like Pakistan1. It has a high incidence rate of approximately 50-150 cases per 100,000 people per year2. Mortality rate from GI bleed approaches up to 15%3,4. It is defined as upper GI bleed when the source of the bleed is proximal to the ligament of treitz and as acute when the mode of presentation is either hematemesis, hematochezia and or melena3,5.
References
1. Farhan S, Nadeem Ma, Irfan M, Ahmad K, Abbas G, Bokhari I et al. Outcome of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of Patients Presenting With Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed. PJMHS 2012; 6(4): 985-87.
2. Bodh V, Sharma B, Kumar R, Sharma R. Current Trends in Etiological Profile of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Northern India: A Retrospective Analysis of 5-Year Endoscopic Data. J Digest Endosc 2021;12:31–35.
3. Bhutta S, Jamil M, Aziz K, Uddin W. An Etiological Study of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College (JRMC); 2012;16(1):31-33.
4. Weledji EP. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a review. International Journal of Surgery: Global Health (2020) 3:18.
5. Kamboj AK. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Etiologies and Management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019; 94(4):697-703.
6. Adam T, Javid F, Khan S. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding: An etiological study of 552 cases. J Pak Inst Med Sci. 2004;15:845-8
7. Alema ON, Martin DO, Okello TR. Endoscopic findings in upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients at Lacor Hospital, northern Uganda. African Health Sciences 2012; (4): 518 – 521.
8. Pasha MB, Hashir MM, Pasha AK, Pasha MB, Raza AA, Fatima M. Frequency of esophageal varices in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Pak J Med Sci 2011;27(2):277-281.
9. Romstad KK, Detlie TE, Søberg T, Ricanek P, Jahnsen ME, Lerang F, Jahnsen J. Gastrointestinal bleeding due to peptic ulcers and erosions – a prospective observational study (blue study). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 55:10, 1139-45.
10. Ali SS, Butt N, Altaf Hh, Abbasia, The Etiology and Outcome of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Presenting to Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi. P J M H S 2022; 16 (7), 646-48.
11. Sher F, Ullah RS, Khan J, Mansoor SN, Ahmed N. Frequency of different causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding using endoscopic procedure at a tertiary care hospital. Pak Armed Forces Med J 2014;64(3):410-3.
12. Shah SMA, Butt Z, Younis I, Afzal M, Atta H, Nadir A. Etiology of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed At Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital Gujrat. Ann. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci. 2016; 12(2):80-84.
13. Boonpongmanee S, Fleischer DE, Pezzullo JC, Collier K, Mayoral W, Kawas FA et al. The frequency of peptic ulcer as a cause of upper-GI bleeding is exaggerated. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 59,7, 2004, 788-794.
2. Bodh V, Sharma B, Kumar R, Sharma R. Current Trends in Etiological Profile of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Northern India: A Retrospective Analysis of 5-Year Endoscopic Data. J Digest Endosc 2021;12:31–35.
3. Bhutta S, Jamil M, Aziz K, Uddin W. An Etiological Study of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College (JRMC); 2012;16(1):31-33.
4. Weledji EP. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a review. International Journal of Surgery: Global Health (2020) 3:18.
5. Kamboj AK. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Etiologies and Management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019; 94(4):697-703.
6. Adam T, Javid F, Khan S. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding: An etiological study of 552 cases. J Pak Inst Med Sci. 2004;15:845-8
7. Alema ON, Martin DO, Okello TR. Endoscopic findings in upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients at Lacor Hospital, northern Uganda. African Health Sciences 2012; (4): 518 – 521.
8. Pasha MB, Hashir MM, Pasha AK, Pasha MB, Raza AA, Fatima M. Frequency of esophageal varices in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Pak J Med Sci 2011;27(2):277-281.
9. Romstad KK, Detlie TE, Søberg T, Ricanek P, Jahnsen ME, Lerang F, Jahnsen J. Gastrointestinal bleeding due to peptic ulcers and erosions – a prospective observational study (blue study). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 55:10, 1139-45.
10. Ali SS, Butt N, Altaf Hh, Abbasia, The Etiology and Outcome of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Presenting to Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi. P J M H S 2022; 16 (7), 646-48.
11. Sher F, Ullah RS, Khan J, Mansoor SN, Ahmed N. Frequency of different causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding using endoscopic procedure at a tertiary care hospital. Pak Armed Forces Med J 2014;64(3):410-3.
12. Shah SMA, Butt Z, Younis I, Afzal M, Atta H, Nadir A. Etiology of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed At Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital Gujrat. Ann. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci. 2016; 12(2):80-84.
13. Boonpongmanee S, Fleischer DE, Pezzullo JC, Collier K, Mayoral W, Kawas FA et al. The frequency of peptic ulcer as a cause of upper-GI bleeding is exaggerated. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 59,7, 2004, 788-794.