ALPHA AMYLASE ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF GYMNEMIC ACID IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Gymnemic Acid, Alpha Amylase Alpha Glucosidase, Animals, Diabetes
Abstract
Diabetes is being described as one of the worldwide health problems that escalates every day. We found it difficult to discover new antidiabetic drugs from medicinal plants with minimal or no side effects. The current research study involved determining the beneficial effects of the gymnemic acid isolated from plant Gymnema Sylvester against diabetes rats induced by streptozotocin.The gymnemic acid was extracted from 75% Gymnemic acid extract of the Gymnema Sylvster plant. Rats were made diabetic through a fructose-containing drinking water mixture and a single dose of streptozotocin. The effects of gymnemic acid on blood glucose levels in blood and diabetes complications were studied after the administration of it to diabetic rats for 21 days—of four-point blood glucose testing (on days 1, 7, 14, and 21). Blood samples were collected from experimental rats at day 21 before euthanasia for collection of the pancreas and liver. Blood samples were used to establish liver function tests, kidney function test, and lipid profiles. BGL reduction on the 21st day was significant as determined using in vivo antidiabetic study while other tests for liver and kidney as well as lipid profile were normal in extract-treated groups. Gymnemic acid was found to have good inhibitory effect on the in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha glucosidase assay. Results obtained in research indicated the presence of appreciable in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic efficacies in Gymnemic Acid.
References
2. Triveni KB, Lakshmi, VK, Shasshidhara S, Anitha S. Gymnema Sylvestre: A Comprehensive Review. 2012; 3(4): 2402-2420.
3. Mohd. Yaqub Khan, Irfan Aziz, Bipin Bihari, Hemant Kumar, Maryada Roy, Vikas Kumar Verma. A Review- Phytomedicines Used in Treatment of Diabetes. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 4(3): July-Sept. 2014; Page 135-154.
4. P. Jaya Preethi. Herbal Medicine for Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 3(2): April- June 2013; Page 57-70.
5. Sankaradoss N, Velayutham R, Vijayalakshmi. In Vitro Assay of Alpha amylase Inhibitory Activity of Gymnemic acid Isolated from Gymnema sylvestrae. Der Pharmacia Let. 2016; 8 (20): 29-32.
6. Amiza, Ghazala Yaseen, Sammia Shahid. Comprehensive Review on Phytopharmacological Potential of Gymnema sylvestre. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2020; 10(3):217-220. doi: 10.5958/2231-5713.2020.00036.7.
7. Bray GA, Greenway FL. Current and Potential Drugs for Treatment of Obesity. Endocr Rev. 1999; 20(6): 805-875.
8. Sankaradoss Nirmala, Velayutham Ravichandiran, A Vijayalakshmi, P. Nadanasabapathi. Protective effect of Gymnemic acid isolated from Gymnema sylvestre leaves coated Chitosan reduced gold nanoparticles in hyperlipedimia and Diabetes Induced vascular tissue damage in Rats. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2018; 11(3): 1193-1206. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00222.
9. Javed Ahamad, Kamran J. Naquvi, Showkat R. Mir, Mohd.Ali, Mohd. Shuaib. Review on Role of Natural Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Biomed Res. 2011; (6): 374-380.
10. Lakshman Kumar D, Rao KNV, Bindu Madhavi, Sathis Kumar D, David Banji. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Wrightia tinctoria Roxb and Schrebera swietenoides Roxb Bark Extract. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2011; 3(1): 22-24.
11. Zineb Rahmani, Ali Douadi, Zehour Rahmani. In vitro inhibition of α-amylase enzyme, Phytochemical study and Antioxidant capacity for Cupressus sempervirens extracts growing in arid climate. Asian J. Research Chem. 2019; 12(6):359-365.
doi: 10.5958/0974-4150.2019.00068.3
12. Vasudev Pai, Rudraprabhu V. Savadi, Anant Bhandarkar. In-Vitro Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Action of Isolated Phytoconstituent in Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb) Bark. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 4(7): July 2011; Page 1147-1150.
13. Peyman S, Behvar A, Mohammad Ali E, Hossein D, Iraj G. α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitory Effect and Antioxidant Activity of ten Plant Extracts Traditionally Used in Iran for Diabetes. J Med Plants Res. 2013; 7(6): 257-266
14. Masitah Khamis, Fazilah Talib, Nor Syamira Rosli, Saravanan Dharmaraj, Khamsah Suryati Mohd, Sasidharan Srenivasan, Zubaidi Abdul Latif, Mahadeva Rao S. Utharkar. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition and increased glucose uptake of Morinda citrifolia fruit and scopoletin. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 8(2): Feb. 2015; Page 189-193.
15. Hong L, Toshiaki I, Yasutake H. Inhibitory Effect of Voglibose and Gymnemic Acid on Maltose Absorption in vivo, World J Gastro. 2001; 7(2): 270-274.
16. Pragya T, Pooja S, Feroz K, Sangwan NS, Mishra BN, Sangwan RS. Structure Activity Relationship Studies of Gymnemic Acid Analogues for Antidiabetic Activity Targeting PPARγ. Cur Comp Aided Drug Des. 2015; 11(1): 57-71.
17. Sinsheimer JE, Manni PE, Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre Leaves. J Pharm Sci. 1965; 54: 1541–1544.
18. Mahadeva Rao US, Shanmuga Sundaram C., Srinivasan S. Gymnemic acid mitigates hyperglycemia by attenuating the hepatic glucose metabolic enzymes in high fat diet fed-low dose streptozotocin- induced experimental rodents. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00137.7
19. Rashmi S. Harish Prashanth KV, Manonmani HK. In vitro Antidiabetic Effects of Isolated Triterpene Glycoside Fraction from Gymnema sylvestrae. Evi based Comp Alter Med. 2018; 1-12.
20. Yoshikawa K, Kondo YAS, Matsuura K. Antisweet Natural Products IX Structures of Gymnemic acids XV-XVIII from Gymnema sylvestre. 1993. Chem Pharm Bul. 1993; 41: 1730–1732.
21. Abedulla Khan K, Shabnam D, Mohammed Adil S. Molecular Docking and Preclinical Studies of Gymnema sylvestre on Endothelial Nitric oxide Synthase in type-2 Diabetes-related Complications. J young pharm. 2014; 6(4): 25-32.
22. Roshana Devi V, Sharmila, Subramanian S. Molecular Docking Studies Involving the Inhibitory Effect of Gymnemic Acid, Trigonelline and Ferulic Acid, the Phytochemicals with Antidiabetic Properties, on Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (α and β). J App Pharm Sci. 2018; 8 (04): 150-160.
23. Guilin C, Mingquan G. Rapid Screening for α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Gymnema sylvestrae by Affinity Ultrafiltration –HPLC-MS. Front. Pharmacol. 2017; 8: 228.
24. Keisuke S, Yuko K, Noriatsu S, Takatsugu H, Seiji N, Toshiaki I, Yuzo N. Molecular Mechanisms for Sweet-suppressing Effect of Gymnemic Acids. J Bio Chem. 2014; 289(37): 25711–25720.
25. The WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. Technical Report Series 646, Geneva and World Health Organization 1980.
26. Mitra S, Gopumadhavan TS, Muralidhar SD. Anturlikar, Sujatha MB. Effect of herb mineral preparation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol.
1996; 54:41-46.
27. Patel K, Gadewar M, Tripathi R, Patel DK. Pharmacological and analytical aspects of gymnemic acid: a concise report. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012;2(5):414-416.
28. Vaidya S. Review on gymnema: an herbal medicine for diabetes management. Pharmacia 2011; 1(2):1-6.
29. Bhat M, Sandeepkumar KK, Tirmale AR, Bhargava SY, Joshi BN. Antidiabetic Properties of Azardiracta indica and Bougainvillea spectabilis: In vivo Studies in Murine Diabetes Model. Oxford Journals 2009; 24:42-48.
30. Thulesen J, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. Short term insulin treatment prevents the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin in rats. Vol 138, Endocrinology, 1997, 1,62-68.
31. Nahar L, Ripa FA, Hasanat A, Zulfiker Md, Rokonuzzaman Md, Haque M et al. Comparative study of antidiabetic effect of Abroma Augusta and Syzygium cumini on alloxan induced diabetic rat. Agri Bio J North America, 2010; 7:1267-1272.
32. Chattopadhyay RR. A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. J Ethnopharmacology 1999; 67:367-372.
33. Shani J, Schmied G, Joseph B, Abronson Z, Sneman FG. Hypoglycemic effects of Aloe vera in alloxan- diabetic and normal rats. Arch Int Pharmacodynamics1974; 210:27-37.
34. Jackson JE, Bressler R. Clinical pharmacology of sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agents: part 1. Drugs, 1981; 22:211-245.
35. Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV, Viswanathan P. Protective effect of Aloe vera in experimental ethanol toxicity. Phytother Res 2003; 17:737-4
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Khan Ayesha Tazeen
Department of pharmacognosy, Y. B. Chavan College of pharmacy, Aurangabad.
Subur Khan Wadood Khan
Department of pharmacognosy, Y. B. Chavan College of pharmacy, Aurangabad.
Dr.Syed Ayaz Ali
Head of Department of pharmacology, Y. B. Chavan College of pharmacy, Aurangabad.
Barrawaz Aateka Yahya
Department Of Quality Assurance , Y.B.Chavan College Of Pharmacy, Aurangabad.
Quadri Neha Naushin
Department of Pharmacology, Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad.