Uncovering the Power of Plastic Mulch: Elevating Kohlrabi Yield and Nutritional Value
Main Article Content
Keywords
Kohlrabi, Organic production system, greenhouse, quality traits antioxidants, nitrate, fiber contents.
Abstract
A leafy vegetable crop commonly grown in Eastern Anatolia, Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) is a major source of nutritional and medicinal compounds. The greenhouse experiment was carried out to assess the influence of plastic mulch (PM) on the morpho-physiological and yield characteristics of kohlrabi. Four kohlrabi cultivars, azur star, kordial F1, lech F1, and kolibri F1, were planted in plastic mulched soil and in uncovered soil. The results showed that plastic mulch film had a statistically significant influence on all cultivars examined. The mulching film increased plant height, bulb weight, and bulb diameter. Kolibri F1 had the greatest plant height and bulb diameter of all four kohlrabi cultivars, with a maximum plant height of 41.7 cm and bulb diameter of 89.02 mm ± 0.83 SE, while azur star had the largest average bulb weight (332.6 g ± 7.2 S.E.) and fiber contents (13.9 mg/g ± 0.75 SE). Kohlrabi cultivars grown with (PM) had lower chlorophyll, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents than those grown without mulch. The highest pH (6.84 ± 0.14 SE) in kolibri F1 gives this sort of an incredible flavor that renders it desirable for consumption. Similarly, in terms of non-enzymatic antioxidant activity, kolibri F1 demonstrated greater percentage inhibition for FRAP and TEAC than other cultivars at p < 0.05. The current study indicated that the kohlrabi F1 variety produced excellent results when treated with plastic mulch. Two varieties of kohlrabi (Azur Star and Kolibri F1) were found to be more tasty and more productive when mulching conditions were applied.
References
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[27] Eissa, N. M. H. (2002). Effect of some plasticulture and fertigation treatments on productivity and fruit quality of strawberry. Adv in Pl & Agri Res. 6(5):1-7.
[28] Cunningham, E. (2009). “What impact does pH have on food and nutrition”, J. Academy of Nutri and Diet. 109(10), 1816. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.08.028
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[36] Santamaria, P. Elia, A. Serio, F. and Todaro, E. (1999) “A survey of nitrate and oxalate content in fresh vegetables”, J. Sci. Food and Agri. 79(13), 1882-1888. doi: org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.004
[37] Valšíková, M., Mlček, J., Snopek, L., Rehuš, M., Škrovánková, S., Juríková, T., and Paulen, O. (2018). Monitoring of bioactive compounds of tomato cultivars as affected by mulching film. Sci. agri bohem. 49(4), 267-273. doi: org/10.2478/sab-2018-0033
[38] Martí, M. C., Camejo, D., Vallejo, F., Romojaro, F., Bacarizo, S., Palma, J. M., and Jiménez, A. (2011). Influence of fruit ripening stage and harvest period on the antioxidant content of sweet pepper cultivars. Pl. Foods human nutri. 66, 416-423. doi: org/10.1007/s11130-011-0249-x
[39] Benajiba, N., and Khojah, E. (2021). DPPH, FRAP and TAEC Assays with Postharvest Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Parameters During the Packaging Process. Pak. J. Biol Sci. 24(2), 182-187. DOI:
[2] Choi, S. H., Ryu, D. K., Park, S. H., Ahn, K. G., Lim, Y. P., and An, G. H. (2010). Composition analysis between kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) and radish (Raphanus sativus). Horti Sci & Tech. 28(3), 469-475.
[3] Lachance, L.R. and Ramsey, D. (2018). Antidepressant foods: An evidence-based nutrient profiling system for depression. World J. Psychiatry. 8, 97–104. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v8.i3.97
[4] Manchali, S., Murthy, K. N. C., and Patil, B. S. (2012). Crucial facts about health benefits of popular cruciferous vegetables. J. Func foods. 4(1), 94-106. doi: org/10.1016/j.jff.2011.08.004
[5] Smychkovich, A., and Hashemi, M. (2022). Yield and Nutrient Concentrations of Kohlrabi Bulbs and Leaves as Affected by Spring Transplanting Dates. Agron. 12(4), 770. doi: org/10.3390/agronomy12040770
[6] Angmo, P., Dolma, T., Dolkar, T., Chaurasia, O. P., and Stobdan, T. (2021). Growing kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var gongylodes) in greenhouse during winter in trans-Himalayan Ladakh, India. J. Food. Agri Res. 1(2), 131-141.
[7] Spaldon, S., Masoodi, T. H., Namgial, D., Angmo, T., and Yangdol, D. (2018). Performance of knolkhol in chinese type polyhouse during peak winter in cold arid Ladakh. Ind. J. Agri Res. 52(3), 330-332. doi: 10. 18805/IJARe.A-4835
[8] Salehi, B., Quispe, C., Butnariu, M., Sarac, I., Marmouzi, I., Kamle, M., and Martorell, M. (2021). Phytotherapy and food applications from Brassica genus. Phytotherapy Res. 35(7), 3590-3609. doi: org/10.1002/ptr.7048
[9] Favela‐González, K. M., Hernández‐Almanza, A. Y., and De la Fuente‐Salcido, N. M. (2020). The value of bioactive compounds of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica) as antimicrobials and antioxidants: A review. J. Food Biochem. 44(10), e13414. doi: org/10.1111/jfbc.13414
[10] USDA, 1998. U.S. Backyard Conservation: Mulching. Department of Agriculture National Association of Conservation, USA., pp: 1-4.
[11] Orzolek, M. (2017). A guide to the manufacture, performance, and potential of plastics in agriculture. Elsevier. pp: 45-60.
[12] Amare, G., and Desta, B. (2021). Coloured plastic mulches: impact on soil properties and crop productivity. Chem and Biol Technol Agri. 8(1), 1-9. doi: org/10.1186/s40538-020-00201-8
[13] Haapala, T., Palonen, P., Tamminen, A., and Ahokas, J. (2015). Effects of different paper mulches on soil temperature and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the temperate zone. Agri and Food Sci. 24(1), 52-58. doi: hdl.handle.net/10138/165417
[14] Cataldo, D. A., Schrader, L. E., and Youngs, V. L. (1974). Analysis by Digestion and Colorimetric Assay of Total Nitrogen in Plant Tissues High in Nitrate 1. Crop Sci. 14(6), 854-856. doi: org/10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400060024x
[15] Ozgen, S., Sekerci, S., and Kaya, C. (2014). Nitrate and phytochemicals: may these vary in red and green lettuce by application of organic and inorganic fertilizers?. Biol Agri & horti. 30(3), 173-182. doi: org/10.1080/01448765.2014.888523
[16] Phuyal, N., Jha, P. K., Raturi, P. P., and Rajbhandary, S. (2020). Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of fruit, seed, and bark extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. The Sci World. J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8780704.
[17] Su, S., Zhou, Y., Qin, J. G., Yao, W., and Ma, Z. (2010). Optimization of the method for chlorophyll extraction in aquatic plants. J. Freshwater Eco. 25(4), 531-538. doi: org/10.1080/02705060.2010.9664402
[18] Sutharut, J., and Sudarat, J. (2012). Total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of germinated colored rice. Int. Food Res. J. 19(1), 215-221.
[19] Gunawardhana, M. D. M., De Silva, C. S., and Godawatte, V. N. A. (2011). Impact of Temperature and Water Stress on Growth and yield of Tomato, Chilli and Okra. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 36: 197-205.
[20] Jamil, M., Lee, K. B., Jung, K. Y., Lee, D. B., Han, M. S., and Rha, E. S. (2007). Salt stress inhibits germination and early seedling growth in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata L.). Pak J. Biol Sci: PJBS. 10(6), 910-914. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.910.914
[21] Shinde, U. R., Firake, N. N., Dhotrey, R. S., and Bankar, M. C. (1999). Effect of Micro-Irrigation Systems and Mulches on Micro-Climatic Factors and Development of Crop Coefficient Models for Summer Chilli. J. Mahara Agri Uni. 24(1), 72-75.
[22] Ahmed, S., Ahmed, F., and Hussain, M. (2003). Effect of different NPK levels on the growth and yield of kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa L.) at northern areas of Pakistan. Asian J. of Plant Sci. 2(3), 336-338. doi: 10.3923/ajps.2003.336.338
[23] He, G., Wang, Z., Ma, X., He, H., Cao, H., Wang, S., and Malhi, S. S. (2017). Wheat yield affected by soil temperature and water under mulching in dryland. Agron J. 109(6), 2998-3006. doi: org/10.2134/agronj2017.04.0208
[24] Stephen, P. L., Zhu, X. G., Naidu, S. L., and Donald, R. (2006). Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yield. Pl cell and Envir. 29, 315-330. doi: org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01493.x
[25] Zutić, I., Fabek, S., Benko, B., Radman, S., and Toth, N. (2016). The effect of mulch on morphological and agronomic traits of kohlrabi cultivars. Acta Horticult. (1142), 49-53. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1142.8
[26] Helaly, A. A., Goda, Y., El-Rehim, A. A. S., Mohamed, A. A., and El-Zeiny, O. A. H. (2017). Effect of polyethylene mulching type on the growth, yield and fruits quality of physalis pubescens. Adv. Plants Agric. Res. 6(5), 1-7. doi: 10.15406/apar.2017.06.00229
[27] Eissa, N. M. H. (2002). Effect of some plasticulture and fertigation treatments on productivity and fruit quality of strawberry. Adv in Pl & Agri Res. 6(5):1-7.
[28] Cunningham, E. (2009). “What impact does pH have on food and nutrition”, J. Academy of Nutri and Diet. 109(10), 1816. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.08.028
[29] Shams, A.S. (2012). “Effect of mineral, organic and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield, quality and sensory evaluation of Kohlrabi”. Res. J. Agri and Biol. Sci. 8(2), 305-314.
[30] Alagöz, G., Özer, H., and Pekşen, A. (2020). Raised bed planting and green manuring increased tomato yields through improved soil microbial activity in an organic production system. Biol. Agri & Horticul. 36(3), 187-199. doi: org/10.1080/01448765.2020.1771416
[31] Divisi, D. Tommaso, D.S. Salvemini, S. Garramone, M. and Crisci, R. (2006). “Diet and Cancer”, Acta.Biomed. 77(1), 118-123. PMID: 17172193.
[32] Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., and Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines. 5(3), 93. doi: org/10.3390/medicines5030093
[33] Sharma, R. R., Singh, R., Singh, D., and Gupta, R. K. (2008). Influence of row covers and mulching interaction on leaf physiology, fruit yield and albinism incidence in ‘Sweet Charlie’strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Fruits. 63(2), 103-110. doi: org/10.1051/fruits:2007052[34] Elmastaş, M., Demir, A., Genç, N., Dölek, Ü., and Güneş, M. (2017). Changes in flavonoid and phenolic acid contents in some Rosa species during ripening. Food Chem. 235, 154-159. doi: org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.004
[35] Saeed, A., Marwat, M. S., Shah, A. H., Naz, R., Abidin, S. Z. U., Akbar, S., and Saeed, A. (2019). Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of selected fruits and vegetables. Ind. J. Tradi Knowl. 18(4), 686-693.
[36] Santamaria, P. Elia, A. Serio, F. and Todaro, E. (1999) “A survey of nitrate and oxalate content in fresh vegetables”, J. Sci. Food and Agri. 79(13), 1882-1888. doi: org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.004
[37] Valšíková, M., Mlček, J., Snopek, L., Rehuš, M., Škrovánková, S., Juríková, T., and Paulen, O. (2018). Monitoring of bioactive compounds of tomato cultivars as affected by mulching film. Sci. agri bohem. 49(4), 267-273. doi: org/10.2478/sab-2018-0033
[38] Martí, M. C., Camejo, D., Vallejo, F., Romojaro, F., Bacarizo, S., Palma, J. M., and Jiménez, A. (2011). Influence of fruit ripening stage and harvest period on the antioxidant content of sweet pepper cultivars. Pl. Foods human nutri. 66, 416-423. doi: org/10.1007/s11130-011-0249-x
[39] Benajiba, N., and Khojah, E. (2021). DPPH, FRAP and TAEC Assays with Postharvest Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Parameters During the Packaging Process. Pak. J. Biol Sci. 24(2), 182-187. DOI:
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Dec 15, 2023
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Muhammad Abbas Khan, Chudary Sadam Hussain, Zia ur Rehman Mashwani, Muhammad Imran, Aqeel Sultan, Said Rahim, Afzal Alam, Sajid Hussain, Zohaib Younas, Ilyas Ahmad. (2023). Uncovering the Power of Plastic Mulch: Elevating Kohlrabi Yield and Nutritional Value. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 756-773. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3728
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How to Cite
Muhammad Abbas Khan, Chudary Sadam Hussain, Zia ur Rehman Mashwani, Muhammad Imran, Aqeel Sultan, Said Rahim, Afzal Alam, Sajid Hussain, Zohaib Younas, Ilyas Ahmad. (2023). Uncovering the Power of Plastic Mulch: Elevating Kohlrabi Yield and Nutritional Value. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 756-773. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3728