A REVIEW PAPER: ON VIRULENT DETERMINANTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
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Keywords
Opportunistic pathogen, virulent determinants, Antimicrobial resistance AMR, biocides, secretory systems, exopolysaccharides, biofilm, efflux system, therapeutic strategies.
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram negative, rod shaped, ubiquitous and an opportunistic pathogen that displays various virulent determinants and possess different antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. It can thrive in different ecological niches and responsible for various nosocomial infections e.g. wound, UTIs and respiratory infections. According to the WHO it is placed in list of most critical priorities in need of drug development due its increased intrinsic & acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and its ability to bear different biocides e.g. disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives. The major virulent determinants of P. aeruginosa are Fimbriae, Polar flagella, secretion systems (Type I–VI), some enzymes Elastase, protease, hemolysin and some quorum-sensing molecules. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exopolysaccharides such as alginate, pel & psl are also major contributors in increased resistance against commonly prescribed antibiotics and biocides. The other Major resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are Impermeability of membrane, Biofilm formation, Efflux systems and Inactivation & structural modifications in antibiotics.
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