Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 2-5 years of age in educated and uneducated mothers presenting in pediatric OPD MTH
Main Article Content
Keywords
Iron deficiency, Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Women, Infants, Punjab Pakistan
Abstract
Iron deficiency is prevailing lack of necessary nutrients globally and continues to be prevalent among vulnerable populations in Pakistan. The exact occurrence of anemia, ID, in addition iron deficiency anemia in Punjab, Pakistan, is not yet established.
Aim: Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 2-5 years of age in educated and uneducated mothers presenting in pediatric OPD MTH.
Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design and included a representative sample of children aged 1 to 3 years who were attending WIC clinics in the province of Punjab.
Results: The prevalence of anemia was 12.2% among children aged 1 to 3 years (hemoglobin less than 120 g/L for 1 to 3-year-olds or less than 111 g/L for 2 to 4-year-olds). Abnormal values for iron measures, determined through study and literature, were as follows: serum ferritin below 9.8 or 12.1 µg/L, serum transferrin receptor above 9.5 or 12.1 µg/mL, and transferrin saturation below 14.3% or 12.1%, respectively. The occurrence rates of low iron stores remained 25.9% and 27.1%, iron deficiency were 17.3% and 9.9%, and iron lack anemia were 4.5% and 4.3% based on cutoff values determined by research and literature, individually. On basis of receiver operating characteristic curves produced by study and literature, the amount of hemoglobin was utilized to forecast the presence of iron lack. The warmth of low hemoglobin in expecting iron deficiency, as recognized by the research and literature, was low (24.3% and 41.2%, respectively).
Conclusion: Anemia and iron deficiency (ID) were widespread among the participants of the WIC program, but iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was not frequently observed. Low hemoglobin levels are not effective in predicting the occurrence of iron deficiency
References
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20. Hagras, A., Hussein, N. A., Abdelazim, I., & Elhamamy, N. Ferric carboxymaltose for treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia caused by abnormal uterine bleeding. Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny, 21(4), 223-228.
21. Hamdeh, S., Fathallah, J., Zhang, H., Charoen, A., Altamimi, B. A., Odufalu, F. D., ... & Micic, D. (2023). Predictive Model for Positive Video Capsule Endoscopy in Iron Deficiency Anemia. Digestive diseases and sciences, 1-9.
22. Taya, U. K., Abdelraheem, A. G., Sayed, R. F., Selim, A. A., & Khalefa, M. (2023). The incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Allergic Rhinitis patients in Qena University Hospital. SVU-International Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(2), 371-379.
23. Sherali, A., Ahad, A., Tikmani, S. S., & Sohail, S. (2023). Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Using Mentzer Index in Pakistan: A Cross Sectional Study. Global Pediatric Health, 10, 2333794X221130986.
24. LeVine, S. M., Tsau, S., & Gunewardena, S. (2023). Exploring Whether Iron Sequestration within the CNS of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Causes a Functional Iron Deficiency That Advances Neurodegeneration. Brain Sciences, 13(3), 511.
25. Costa, T. D. D., Teixeira, A. D. O., Moreira, L. M., Brighenti, C. R. G., Reis, R. D. S., Valente Júnior, D. T., ... & Corassa, A. (2023). Evaluation of iron dextran application programs to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 24, 20220013.
26. Costa, T. D. D., Teixeira, A. D. O., Moreira, L. M., Brighenti, C. R. G., Reis, R. D. S., Valente Júnior, D. T., ... & Corassa, A. (2023). Evaluation of iron dextran application programs to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 24, 20220013.
27. NR, M. M. D. (2023). A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Adolescent Girls about iron Insufficiency and Anemia. Journal of Nursing Research, Patient Safety and Practise (JNRPSP) 2799-1210, 3(02), 11-20.
28. Demirel, M., Gul, A. Z., Koktasoglu, F., Agac, H., Goren, A. C., Karatoprak, C., & Selek, S. (2023). 1H NMR spectroscopy-based serum metabolomics analysis of iron deficiency anemia.
29. Yadav, M. (2023). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Indian University Students in Indian Population. Scholastic: Journal of Natural and Medical Education, 2(5), 400-410.
30. Wei, Y., Sun, L., Liu, C., & Li, L. (2023). Causal association between iron deficiency anemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Heart & Lung, 58, 217-222.
31. Lee, J. (2023). Association between Coffee and Green Tea Consumption and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Korea. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 44(2), 69-70.
2. Appiahene, P., Asare, J. W., Donkoh, E. T., Dimauro, G., & Maglietta, R. (2023). Detection of iron deficiency anemia by medical images: a comparative study of machine learning algorithms. BioData Mining, 16(1), 1-20.
3. Rivera, A. K. B., Latorre, A. A. E., Nakamura, K., & Seino, K. (2023). Using complete blood count parameters in the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in Filipino women. Journal of Rural Medicine, 18(2), 79-86.
4. Maas, L. A., Krishna, M., & Parian, A. M. (2023). Ironing it all out: a comprehensive review of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Digestive diseases and sciences, 68(2), 357-369.
5. Sieroszewski, P., Bomba-Opon, D., Cnota, W., Drosdzol-Cop, A., Gogacz, M., Grzesiak, M., ... & Konieczna, M. (2023). Guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians on the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency with anemia. Ginekologia Polska.
6. Polson, M. K., Bahrain, H., Ogden, J. F., Utkina, K., Bucco, R. A., & Khan, N. (2023). Financial burden associated with discordance to intravenous iron therapies in US patients with iron deficiency anemia. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 1-7.
7. Asare, J. W., Appiahene, P., Donkoh, E. T., & Dimauro, G. (2023). Iron deficiency anemia detection using machine learning models: A comparative study of fingernails, palm and conjunctiva of the eye images. Engineering Reports, e12667.
8. Ganesan, P. R., & Vasauskas, A. A. (2023). The association between pica and iron-deficiency anemia: a scoping review. Cureus, 15(4).
9. Choi, R., Chun, G., Park, M. J., Lee, S. G., & Lee, E. H. (2023). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Indicated for Intravenous Iron Treatment in the Korean Population. Nutrients, 15(3), 614.
10. Hu, T. Y., Mayasari, N. R., Cheng, T. M., Bai, C. H., Chao, J. C. J., Huang, Y. L., ... & Chang, J. S. (2023). Polymorphisms of haptoglobin modify the relationship between dietary iron and the risk of gestational iron-deficiency anemia. European Journal of Nutrition, 62(1), 299-309.
11. Talboom, K., Borstlap, W. A., Roodbeen, S. X., Bruns, E. R., Buskens, C. J., Hompes, R., ... & van Oostendorp, S. (2023). Ferric carboxymaltose infusion versus oral iron supplementation for preoperative iron deficiency anaemia in patients with colorectal cancer (FIT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet Haematology, 10(4), e250-e260.
12. Santhakumar, S., Athiyarath, R., Cherian, A. G., Abraham, V. J., George, B., Lipiński, P., & Edison, E. S. (2023). Impact of maternal iron deficiency anemia on fetal iron status and placental iron transporters in human pregnancy. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, 99, 102727.
13. Richards, T., Miles, L. F., Clevenger, B., Keegan, A., Abeysiri, S., Rao Baikady, R., ... & Faulds, J. (2023). The association between iron deficiency and outcomes: a secondary analysis of the intravenous iron therapy to treat iron deficiency anaemia in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery (PREVENTT) trial. Anaesthesia, 78(3), 320-329.
14. Wegmüller, R., Bah, A., Kendall, L., Goheen, M. M., Sanyang, S., Danso, E., ... & Prentice, A. M. (2023). Hepcidin-guided screen-and-treat interventions for young children with iron-deficiency anaemia in The Gambia: an individually randomised, three-arm, double-blind, controlled, proof-of-concept, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet Global Health, 11(1), e105-e116.
15. Sano, M. (2023). A Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 in Cardiorenal Anemia Iron Deficiency Syndrome. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(6), 5983.
16. Amangeldievna, K. H. (2023). Healthy Nutrition is the Basis for the Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children. Eurasian Research Bulletin, 17, 260-263.
17. Nicotra, D., Arieli, R., Redlich, N., Navot-Mintzer, D., & Constantini, N. W. (2023). Iron Deficiency and Anemia in Male and Female Adolescent Athletes Who Engage in Ball Games. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 970.
18. Zoller, H., Wolf, M., Blumenstein, I., Primas, C., Lindgren, S., Thomsen, L. L., ... & Iqbal, T. (2023). Hypophosphataemia following ferric derisomaltose and ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anaemia due to inflammatory bowel disease (PHOSPHARE-IBD): a randomised clinical trial. Gut, 72(4), 644-653.
19. Wiafe, M. A., Ayenu, J., & Eli-Cophie, D. (2023). A Review of the Risk Factors for Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Adolescents in Developing Countries. Anemia, 2023.
20. Hagras, A., Hussein, N. A., Abdelazim, I., & Elhamamy, N. Ferric carboxymaltose for treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia caused by abnormal uterine bleeding. Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny, 21(4), 223-228.
21. Hamdeh, S., Fathallah, J., Zhang, H., Charoen, A., Altamimi, B. A., Odufalu, F. D., ... & Micic, D. (2023). Predictive Model for Positive Video Capsule Endoscopy in Iron Deficiency Anemia. Digestive diseases and sciences, 1-9.
22. Taya, U. K., Abdelraheem, A. G., Sayed, R. F., Selim, A. A., & Khalefa, M. (2023). The incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Allergic Rhinitis patients in Qena University Hospital. SVU-International Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(2), 371-379.
23. Sherali, A., Ahad, A., Tikmani, S. S., & Sohail, S. (2023). Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Using Mentzer Index in Pakistan: A Cross Sectional Study. Global Pediatric Health, 10, 2333794X221130986.
24. LeVine, S. M., Tsau, S., & Gunewardena, S. (2023). Exploring Whether Iron Sequestration within the CNS of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Causes a Functional Iron Deficiency That Advances Neurodegeneration. Brain Sciences, 13(3), 511.
25. Costa, T. D. D., Teixeira, A. D. O., Moreira, L. M., Brighenti, C. R. G., Reis, R. D. S., Valente Júnior, D. T., ... & Corassa, A. (2023). Evaluation of iron dextran application programs to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 24, 20220013.
26. Costa, T. D. D., Teixeira, A. D. O., Moreira, L. M., Brighenti, C. R. G., Reis, R. D. S., Valente Júnior, D. T., ... & Corassa, A. (2023). Evaluation of iron dextran application programs to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 24, 20220013.
27. NR, M. M. D. (2023). A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Adolescent Girls about iron Insufficiency and Anemia. Journal of Nursing Research, Patient Safety and Practise (JNRPSP) 2799-1210, 3(02), 11-20.
28. Demirel, M., Gul, A. Z., Koktasoglu, F., Agac, H., Goren, A. C., Karatoprak, C., & Selek, S. (2023). 1H NMR spectroscopy-based serum metabolomics analysis of iron deficiency anemia.
29. Yadav, M. (2023). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Indian University Students in Indian Population. Scholastic: Journal of Natural and Medical Education, 2(5), 400-410.
30. Wei, Y., Sun, L., Liu, C., & Li, L. (2023). Causal association between iron deficiency anemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Heart & Lung, 58, 217-222.
31. Lee, J. (2023). Association between Coffee and Green Tea Consumption and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Korea. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 44(2), 69-70.
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Nov 15, 2023
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Dr Iqra Iqbal, Dr Afifa Munir Ahmad, Syeda Tasbiha Fatima Naqvi, Dr. Misbah Shafique, Mohammad Asif, Dr Sadaf Sarfraz, Kashif Lodhi, Dr Khawaja Asad Imtiaz. (2023). Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 2-5 years of age in educated and uneducated mothers presenting in pediatric OPD MTH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 461-469. https://mail.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3423
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All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Dr Iqra Iqbal, Dr Afifa Munir Ahmad, Syeda Tasbiha Fatima Naqvi, Dr. Misbah Shafique, Mohammad Asif, Dr Sadaf Sarfraz, Kashif Lodhi, Dr Khawaja Asad Imtiaz. (2023). Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 2-5 years of age in educated and uneducated mothers presenting in pediatric OPD MTH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 461-469. https://mail.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3423