PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS OF SAMPLE OF PEOPLE ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN ERBIL CITY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Prevalence, Primary health care centers, Cardiovascular Risk factors
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, cardiovascular illnesses continue to be the primary cause of early mortality, despite improvements in promoting cardiovascular health brought about by scientific studies over the past several decades.
Aim: This study's goal was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors that may contribute to them in a sample of patients attended primary health care centers in Erbil city.
Subject and Methods: A cross-sectional study on a sample of 1000 participants who attended primary health care centers in Erbil city and had one or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease, using a self-developed questionnaire. Questions about cardiovascular disease and its risk factors addressed a variety of issues, including sociodemographic information, lifestyle profile, conditions related to heart disease, and dietary practices.
Results: The current study included 1000 participants (mean age, 50.1 ± 12.4 years) the oldest sample (42.5%) aged 56-65 years, (55.2%) female, and (30.4%) illiterate. The majority (86.5%) are married. The study revealed that (21.6%) were smokers, and (48.6%) of the participants started smoking between the ages of 20-29, and it was found that (76.2%) of the participants exercised less than once a week. Regarding the medical condition, the study showed that 62.4% of the participants had high blood pressure, 58.3% had diabetes, and 29.7% of them were treated with insulin. 44.6% of the participants took medication to lower the cholesterol level, and 41.9% of the participants were overweight.
Conclusions: A considerable percentage of the participants had high blood pressure, diabetes, were overweight, and had high cholesterol, making up the majority of those who had one or more risk factors. The study suggests that more research and studies should be conducted to include larger samples of people in the region to find out the causes and find appropriate solutions.
References
2. ALSHEIKH-ALI AA, Omar MI, Raal FJ, Rashed W, Hamoui O, Kane A, et al.2014. Cardiovascular risk factor burden in Africa and the middle east: the Africa middle east cardio vascular epidemiological (ACE) study. PLoS One. 9(8): e102830.
3. AL-ZALABANI, A & Al-Hamdan, N & Saeed, A. 2015. The prevalence of physical activity and its socioeconomic correlates in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional population-based national survey. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 15.
10.1016/j.jtumed.2014.11.001.
4. BANDYOPADHYAY, D., ASHISH, K., HAJRA, A., QURESHI, A. & GHOSH, R. K. J. J. O. L. 2018. Cardiovascular outcomes of PCSK9 inhibitors: with special emphasis on its effect beyond LDL-cholesterol lowering. 2018.
5. BANKS, E., JOSHY, G., KORDA, R. J., STAVRESKI, B., SOGA, K., EGGER, S., DAY, C., et al. 2019. Tobacco smoking and risk of 36 cardiovascular disease subtypes: fatal and non-fatal outcomes in a large prospective Australian study. BMC Medicine, 17, 128.
6. BERGLER-KLEIN, J. 2019. What's new in the ESC 2018 guidelines for arterial hypertension: The ten most important messages. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 131, 180-185.
7. BJÖRKEGREN, J. L. M. & LUSIS, A. J. 2022. Atherosclerosis: Recent developments. Cell, 185, 1630-1645.
8. EINARSON, T. R., ACS, A., LUDWIG, C. & PANTON, U. H. 2018. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17, 83.
9. FARNIER, M., ZELLER, M., MASSON, D. & COTTIN, Y. 2021. Triglycerides and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: An update. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, 114, 132-139.
10. FLETCHER, G. F., LANDOLFO, C., NIEBAUER, J., OZEMEK, C., ARENA, R. & LAVIE, C. J. 2018. Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise. 72, 1622-1639.
11. FRANCULA-ZANINOVIC, S. & NOLA, I. A. 2018. Management of Measurable Variable Cardiovascular Disease' Risk Factors. Curr Cardiol Rev, 14, 153-163.
12. GABRIELA, R. & ANCA PANTEA, S. 2021. Cardiovascular Risk/Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In: ANCA PANTEA, S. (ed.) Type 2 Diabetes. Rijeka: IntechOpen.
13. GALLUCCI, G., TARTARONE, A., LEROSE, R., LALINGA, A. V. & CAPOBIANCO, A. M. 2020. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis, 12, 3866-3876.
14. GARCIA, M., MULVAGH, S. L., MERZ, C. N., BURING, J. E. & MANSON, J. E. 2016. Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Clinical Perspectives. Circ Res, 118, 1273-93.
15. GHAMRI, R. A., Alzahrani, N. S., Alharthi, A. M., Gadah, H. J., Badoghaish, B. G., & Alzahrani, A. A. 2019. Cardiovascular risk factors among high-risk individuals attending the general practice at king Abdulaziz University hospital: a cross-sectional study. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 19(1), 268. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1261-6.
16. HAGER, K., Shi, P., Li, Z., Chui, K., Berkowitz, S. A., Mozaffarian, D., et al. 2023. Evaluation of a Produce Prescription Program for Patients with Diabetes: A Longitudinal Analysis of Glycemic Control. Diabetes care, 46(6), 1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1645.
17. HAJAR, R. 2017. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease: Historical Perspectives. Heart Views, 18, 109-114.
18. HALL, JN, Moore S, Harper SB, Lynch JW.2009. Global variability in fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Prev Med. 2009 May; 36(5):402–409.e5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.01.029 PMID: 19362694.
19. HYLAND, A., BARNOYA, J. & CORRAL, J. E. 2012. Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future. 21, 154-161.
20. KALAF, H., et al. 2016. Cardiovascular disease risk profile among young Saudi women of Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. International journal of health sciences. 10(1): p. 29.
21. KHAN, S. S., NING, H., WILKINS, J. T., ALLEN, N., CARNETHON, M., BERRY, J. D., et al. 2018. Association of Body Mass Index with Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity. JAMA Cardiol, 3, 280-287.
22. KHATTAB A, et al. 2012. Smoking habits in the Middle East and North Africa: results of the BREATHE study. Respiratory Medicine. Dec;106 Suppl 2: S16-24. DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(12)70011-2. PMID: 23290700. le diseases in a Kurdish settlement. Scientific reports, 9(1), 12409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48232-y.
23. KHESROH, A.A., et al. 2017. Gender differences among patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Middle East. Heart views: the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association. 18(3): p. 77.
24. LOUKILI, Hamza & Malka, Gabriel & Hélène, Landrault & Frej, Driss & Amine, Mohamed. (2020). Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors Among Young Adults: A STEPwise-Approach-Based Study in Three University Setups in Morocco. The Open Public Health Journal. 13. 465-470. 10.2174/1874944502013010465.
25. MA, C.-X., MA, X.-N., GUAN, C.-H., LI, Y.-D., MAURICIO, D. & FU, S.-B. 2022. Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: progress toward personalized management. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 21, 74.
26. MABRY RM, Reeves MM, Eakin EG, Owen N.2010. Evidence of physical activity participation among men and women in the countries of the Gulf cooperation council: a review. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. Jun; 11(6):457–64.
27. MILLS, K. T., STEFANESCU, A. & HE, J. 2020. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol, 16, 223-237.
28. MUKHOPADHAY, S, Mukherjee A, Khanra D, Samanta B, Karak A, Guha S. 2021.Cardiovascular disease risk factors among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care center of eastern India: a pilot study. Egypt Heart J. Oct 26;73(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s43044-021-00219-9. PMID: 34704184; PMCID: PMC8547573.
29. NYSTORIAK, M. A. & BHATNAGAR, A. 2018. Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med, 5, 135.
30. ONYEMELUKWE GC, Ogunfowokan O, Mbakwem A, Alao AK, Soroh K, Omorodion O, et al. 2017. Cardiovascular risk factors in adult general out-patient clinics in Nigeria: a country analysis of the Africa and Middle East cardiovascular epidemiological (ACE) study. Afr Health Sci. 17(4):1070–81.
31. RADAIDEH G, Tzemos N, Ali TM, Eldershaby Y, Joury J, Abreu P. 2017. Cardiovascular Risk Factor Burden in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): The Africa Middle East (AfME) Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) Study Sub-analysis. Int Cardiovasc Forum J [Internet]. Jun 3 [cited 2018 Jan 26]; 11(0).
32. RAJATI F, Hamzeh, B , Pasdar, Y , Safari, R , Moradinazar, M, Shakiba, E , et al. 2019. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and their determinants: Results from the first cohort of non-communicable diseases in a Kurdish settlement. Scientific Reports. 9. 10.1038/s41598-019-48232-y.
33. SILVERMAN, A. L., HERZOG, A. A. & SILVERMAN, D. I. J. C. I. R. 2019. Hearts and minds: stress, anxiety, and depression: unsung risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 27, 202-207.
34. THOMAS, J., CHAN, L., WRAY, A., MILLER, J., MEHTA, K., YAXLEY, A., et al. 2017. Does the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors or established disease influence the dietary intake of affected adults and their children residing in the same household? A secondary analysis of the Australian Health Survey (2011–2013). BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 17, 146.
35. TUCKER, W. J., FEGERS-WUSTROW, I., HALLE, M., HAYKOWSKY, M. J., CHUNG, E. H. & KOVACIC, J. C. 2022. Exercise for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Focus Seminar 1/4. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 80, 1091-1106.
36. WADDEN, T. A., TRONIERI, J. S. & BUTRYN, M. L. 2020. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. Am Psychol, 75, 235-251.
37. WHO, Noncommunicable diseases country profiles, World Health Organization, 2018. 2018.
38. WISLOFF, U. & LAVIE, C. J. 2017. Taking Physical Activity, Exercise, and Fitness to a Higher Level. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 1-2.
39. YOO, H. J. 2017. Body Mass Index and Mortality. J Obes Metab Syndr, 26, 3-9.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Salah H, Ali
Community Medicine Department, college of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan-Iraq
Haitham E, Al-Banaa
Community Medicine Department, college of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan-Iraq