Use Cu and Fe metals as a pollution index for status estimation of some Agricultural Soil in Baghdad city/ Iraq
Main Article Content
Keywords
pollution index 1; Cu and Fe metals 2; Agricultural soil; Baghdad city 4
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in the soil in high concentrations is a clear indicator of soil pollution. The research aims to estimate concentrations of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) in some selected agricultural soil of Baghdad city and to assess the impact of agricultural practices and the sources that lead to an increase in their presence in the soil. Seven sites were selected from the study area that distributed six sites affected by pollution sources and one sample as a control. Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) concentrations were measured using XRF technology.
The results show Fe concentrations were higher than the WHO,1996 limit (50,000 mg/kg). Fe ion is one of the dominant metals among the essential elements in agricultural soils and necessary for plants and is classified geochemically among the major elements, as it differs from the rest of the microelements in terms of their quantity in the soil. Fe values in study soil samples follow this pattern: NH. DYL. > BAST.2 > JAZ. > LAT. > > JAD. > BAST.1 > CONT., the increase in Fe concentrations in the soils of the study area is attributed to the fact that the soil of Baghdad city is rich in iron, and to the long-term use of chemical fertilizers containing impurities of these elements, and to the irrigation water which Agricultural lands are irrigated for a long time. Also, current study results of the Cu element in soil samples were below permissible limits (36 mg/kg) according to the WHO, although some soil samples in sites such as Al-Bestna- 2 and AL-JADRIA were Cu concentrations were high or close to the permissible limit. Cu values in study soil samples follow this pattern: JAD. > BAST.2 > NH. DYL. > LAT. > JAZ. > CONT. > BAST.1. The irrigation of agricultural soil by not suitable water such as agricultural drainage water and wastewater for a long time, in addition to what has added pollutants from the ambient environment such as road dust, air pollutants, and dumping or accumulation of solid waste, leads to an increase Cu concentrations and accumulative it in the soil. The pollution of studied soil was assessed using many soil pollution indices; In general, the results indicate a low contamination level or absence of soil pollution, and no environmental risk by copper element, although there was moderate contamination in some sites.
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