Comparative Evaluation Of Flexural Strength Of Two Commercially Available Bulk Fill Composite Restorative Materials
Main Article Content
Keywords
Flexural strength; Bulk fill composite; Fiber reinforced composite
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the flexural strength of two commercially available bulk fill composites (SDR Flow+ and ColteneFill up)
Materials and methods: Ten bar shaped specimens were fabricated for each material (SDR Flow+ and Coltene Fill up) measuring 25 x 2 x 2 mm. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling for 500 cycles at 5-50 degree celsius temperature with a 30 second dwell time at each temperature. All the specimens were loaded until fracture in a universal testing machine (INSTRON) and the values obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Mann Whitney U test.
Results: The SDR group showed a higher mean flexural strength (42.50 MPa) than Coletene Fill up and this was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study concluded that SDR Flow has a higher flexural strength than Fill up composite.
References
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4. Versluis A, Douglas WH, Cross M, Sakaguchi RL. Does an incremental filling technique reduce polymerization shrinkage stresses? J Dent Res. 1996 Mar;75(3):871–8.
5. Yap AUJ, Pandya M, Toh WS. Depth of cure of contemporary bulk-fill resin-based composites. Dent Mater J. 2016;35(3):503–10.
6. Website [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.61
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9. Ilie N, Stark K. Curing behaviour of high-viscosity bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014 Aug;42(8):977–85.
10. Bucuta S, Ilie N. Light transmittance and micro-mechanical properties of bulk fill vs. conventional resin based composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Nov;18(8):1991–2000.
11. Jose J, P. A, Subbaiyan H. Different Treatment Modalities followed by Dental Practitioners for Ellis Class 2 Fracture – A Questionnaire-based Survey. Open Dent J [Internet]. 2020 Feb 18 [cited 2023 May 5];14(1). Available from: https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/14/PAGE/59/PDF/
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13. Keulemans F, Garoushi S, Lassila L. Fillings and core build-ups [Internet]. Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry. 2017. p. 131–63. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100607-8.00009-5
14. Garoushi S, Gargoum A, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. Short fiber-reinforced composite restorations: A review of the current literature. J Investig Clin Dent. 2018 Aug;9(3):e12330.
15. Manchery N, John J, Nagappan N, Subbiah GK, Premnath P. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative study. Dent Res J . 2019 Sep 5;16(5):310–7.
16. Ganesh B, Senior Lecturer, White Lab- Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India. Comparison of colour stability of two commercially available composite resin materials after thermocycling - an in vitro study. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Sep 23;4633–7.
17. Leprince JG, Palin WM, Vanacker J, Sabbagh J, Devaux J, Leloup G. Physico-mechanical characteristics of commercially available bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014 Aug;42(8):993–1000.
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19. Shenoy RP, Salam TAA, Varghese S. Prevalence and clinical parameters of cervical abrasion as a function of population, age, gender, and toothbrushing habits: A systematic review. World J Dent. 2019 Dec;10(6):470–80.
20. Azillah MA, Anstice HM, Pearson GJ. Long-term flexural strength of three direct aesthetic restorative materials. J Dent. 1998 Mar;26(2):177–82.
21. Mohapatra S, Prabakar J, Indiran MA, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparison and Evaluation of the Retention, Cariostatic Effect, and Discoloration of Conventional Clinpro 3M ESPE and Hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro among 12-15-year-old Schoolchildren for a Period of 6 Months: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):688–93.
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23. Eliasson ST, Dahl JE. Effect of thermal cycling on temperature changes and bond strength in different test specimens. Biomater Investig Dent. 2020 Jan 29;7(1):16–24.
24. Selvaraj A, Jain RK, Nagi R, Balasubramaniam A. Correlation between gray values of cone-beam computed tomograms and Hounsfield units of computed tomograms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Imaging Sci Dent. 2022 Jun;52(2):133–40.
25. Sharma S, Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. The effect of polishing and thermocycling on the surface roughness of two nanohybrid composites. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Aug 18;3941–4.
26. International Organization for Standardization. Dentistry: Polymer-based Filling, Restorative and Luting Materials. 2000. 27 p.
27. Akmal NLHBI, Duraisamy R. Evaluation of the Marginal Fit of Implant-Supported Crowns. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2020;30(3):165–72.
28. Sreenivasagan S, Subramanian AK, Solanki LA. Cortical bone thickness and root proximity of virtually placed mini-implants: A CBCT evaluation. World J Dent. 2022 Oct 1;13(S1):S39–44.
29. Yap AUJ, Chandra SP, Chung SM, Lim CT. Changes in flexural properties of composite restoratives after aging in water. Oper Dent. 2002 Sep;27(5):468–74.
30. Pontes LF, Alves EB, Alves BP, Ballester RY, Dias CGBT, Silva CM. Mechanical properties of nanofilled and microhybrid composites cured by different light polymerization modes. Gen Dent. 2013 May;61(3):30–3.
31. Kamath AK, Nasim I, Muralidharan NP, Kothuri RN. Anti-microbial efficacy of leaf extract against common oral micro-biomes: A comparative study of two different antibiotic sensitivity tests. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2022 Oct 17;26(3):330–4.
32. Ramesh S, Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Fracture resistance of mesio-occlusal-distal cavities restored with composite, resin modified glass ionomer cement and zirconomer - an in vitro study. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2020 Nov 25;44–9.
33. Lakshmanan L, Jeevanandan G, Maganur PC, Vishwanathaiah S. Fracture Incidence of Kedo-S Square Pediatric Rotary Files: A Prospective Clinical Study. Eur J Dent. 2021 Dec 4;594–8.
34. Azeem RA, Sureshbabu NM. Clinical performance of direct versus indirect composite restorations in posterior teeth: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2018 Jan-Feb;21(1):2–9.
35. El-Damanhoury H, Platt J. Polymerization shrinkage stress kinetics and related properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Oper Dent. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):374–82.
36. Damdoum M, Varma SR, Nambiar M, Venugopal A. Calcium Channel Blockers Induced Gingival Overgrowth: A Comprehensive Review from a Dental Perspective. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022 Jun 29;12(3):309–22.
37. Ramadoss R, Yuwanati M, Ramani P, Krishnan R, Annasamy R. Glandular metaplasia in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Prognostic indicators? Deriving inference from urothelial and breast carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2022 Jan;124:105639.
38. Yap AU, Tan DT, Goh BK, Kuah HG, Goh M. Effect of food-simulating liquids on the flexural strength of composite and polyacid-modified composite restoratives. Oper Dent. 2000 May;25(3):202–8.
39. Janiani P, Gurunathan D. Effectiveness of Pre-administered Natural Sweet-tasting Solution for Decreasing Pain Associated with Dental Injections in Children: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2021 Dec 1;22(12):1434–7.
40. Husain S, Rengalakshmi S. Correlation between mandibular third molar and mandibular incisor crowding: A retrospective CBCT-based study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2021 Dec 5;15(4):247–50.
41. Eweis AH, Yap AU, Yahya NA. Comparison of Flexural Properties of Bulk-fill Restorative/Flowable Composites and Their Conventional Counterparts. Oper Dent. 2020;45(1):41–51.
42. Biswas D, Naik Z, Kumar SL, Patil N, Bagewadi A. Efficacy of topical tulsi () paste for the management of oral submucous fibrosis - A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2022 Apr-Jun;33(2):146–51.
43. Duraisamy R, Ganapathy DM, Rajeshkumar S, Ashok V. Mini-Implants in Dentistry - A Review. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2022;32(3):29–37.
44. Preethy NA, Jeevanandan G, Mathew MG, Subramanian EM. Evaluation of Quality of Obturation Using Two Different Rotary Files and Hand Files in Primary Teeth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021 Jul-Aug;14(4):471–4.
45. Jacobsen PH, Darr AH. Static and dynamic moduli of composite restorative materials. J Oral Rehabil. 1997 Apr;24(4):265–73.
46. Surathu N, Flanagan D, Surathu N, Nittla PP. A CBCT Assessment of the Incidence and Location of the Lingual Foramen in the Anterior Mandible. J Oral Implantol. 2022 Apr 1;48(2):92–8.
47. Neelakantan P, Grotra D, Sharma S. Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis. J Endod. 2013 Jul;39(7):893–6.
48. Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Sakhamuri S, Thakare AA, Mallineni S, Sajja R, et al. Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021 Jul 7;14:2851–61.
49. Sheriff KAH, Ahmed Hilal Sheriff K, Santhanam A. Knowledge and Awareness towards Oral Biopsy among Students of Saveetha Dental College [Internet]. Vol. 11, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018. p. 543. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00101.4
50. Markov A, Thangavelu L, Aravindhan S, Zekiy AO, Jarahian M, Chartrand MS, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021 Mar 18;12(1):192.
51. Jayaraj G, Ramani P, Herald J. Sherlin, Premkumar P, Anuja N. Inter-observer agreement in grading oral epithelial dysplasia – A systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 27, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology. 2015. p. 112–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2014.01.006
52. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S, Elumalai P. A novel COVID-19 and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2020 Jul;43(7):729–30.
53. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Vol. 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2020. p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
54. Gan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng L, Xie X, Veeraraghavan VP, et al. Zingerone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2019 Oct;33(10):e22387.
55. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res. 2019 Sep;80(6):714–30.
56. Mohan M, Jagannathan N. Oral field cancerization: an update on current concepts. Oncol Rev. 2014 Mar 17;8(1):244.
2. Ferracane JL. Resin composite—State of the art [Internet]. Vol. 27, Dental Materials. 2011. p. 29–38. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.020
3. Fugolin APP, Pfeifer CS. New Resins for Dental Composites [Internet]. Vol. 96, Journal of Dental Research. 2017. p. 1085–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517720658
4. Versluis A, Douglas WH, Cross M, Sakaguchi RL. Does an incremental filling technique reduce polymerization shrinkage stresses? J Dent Res. 1996 Mar;75(3):871–8.
5. Yap AUJ, Pandya M, Toh WS. Depth of cure of contemporary bulk-fill resin-based composites. Dent Mater J. 2016;35(3):503–10.
6. Website [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.61
7. Preethy NA, Jeevanandan G, Govindaraju L, Subramanian E. Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Commercially Available Esthetic Restorative Composite Materials: An Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):635–9.
8. Lazarchik DA, Hammond BD, Sikes CL, Looney SW, Rueggeberg FA. Hardness comparison of bulk-filled/transtooth and incremental-filled/occlusally irradiated composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 2007 Aug;98(2):129–40.
9. Ilie N, Stark K. Curing behaviour of high-viscosity bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014 Aug;42(8):977–85.
10. Bucuta S, Ilie N. Light transmittance and micro-mechanical properties of bulk fill vs. conventional resin based composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Nov;18(8):1991–2000.
11. Jose J, P. A, Subbaiyan H. Different Treatment Modalities followed by Dental Practitioners for Ellis Class 2 Fracture – A Questionnaire-based Survey. Open Dent J [Internet]. 2020 Feb 18 [cited 2023 May 5];14(1). Available from: https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/14/PAGE/59/PDF/
12. Kumar DSR, Associate Professor, Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin/Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Nano Composites - An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Jan 26;1402–4.
13. Keulemans F, Garoushi S, Lassila L. Fillings and core build-ups [Internet]. Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry. 2017. p. 131–63. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100607-8.00009-5
14. Garoushi S, Gargoum A, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. Short fiber-reinforced composite restorations: A review of the current literature. J Investig Clin Dent. 2018 Aug;9(3):e12330.
15. Manchery N, John J, Nagappan N, Subbiah GK, Premnath P. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative study. Dent Res J . 2019 Sep 5;16(5):310–7.
16. Ganesh B, Senior Lecturer, White Lab- Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India. Comparison of colour stability of two commercially available composite resin materials after thermocycling - an in vitro study. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Sep 23;4633–7.
17. Leprince JG, Palin WM, Vanacker J, Sabbagh J, Devaux J, Leloup G. Physico-mechanical characteristics of commercially available bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014 Aug;42(8):993–1000.
18. Shackelford JF. Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers. Prentice Hall; 2009. 586 p.
19. Shenoy RP, Salam TAA, Varghese S. Prevalence and clinical parameters of cervical abrasion as a function of population, age, gender, and toothbrushing habits: A systematic review. World J Dent. 2019 Dec;10(6):470–80.
20. Azillah MA, Anstice HM, Pearson GJ. Long-term flexural strength of three direct aesthetic restorative materials. J Dent. 1998 Mar;26(2):177–82.
21. Mohapatra S, Prabakar J, Indiran MA, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparison and Evaluation of the Retention, Cariostatic Effect, and Discoloration of Conventional Clinpro 3M ESPE and Hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro among 12-15-year-old Schoolchildren for a Period of 6 Months: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):688–93.
22. Duraisamy R, Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai. Nanocomposites Used In Prosthodontics And Implantology - A Review. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Sep 21;4380–7.
23. Eliasson ST, Dahl JE. Effect of thermal cycling on temperature changes and bond strength in different test specimens. Biomater Investig Dent. 2020 Jan 29;7(1):16–24.
24. Selvaraj A, Jain RK, Nagi R, Balasubramaniam A. Correlation between gray values of cone-beam computed tomograms and Hounsfield units of computed tomograms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Imaging Sci Dent. 2022 Jun;52(2):133–40.
25. Sharma S, Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. The effect of polishing and thermocycling on the surface roughness of two nanohybrid composites. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Aug 18;3941–4.
26. International Organization for Standardization. Dentistry: Polymer-based Filling, Restorative and Luting Materials. 2000. 27 p.
27. Akmal NLHBI, Duraisamy R. Evaluation of the Marginal Fit of Implant-Supported Crowns. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2020;30(3):165–72.
28. Sreenivasagan S, Subramanian AK, Solanki LA. Cortical bone thickness and root proximity of virtually placed mini-implants: A CBCT evaluation. World J Dent. 2022 Oct 1;13(S1):S39–44.
29. Yap AUJ, Chandra SP, Chung SM, Lim CT. Changes in flexural properties of composite restoratives after aging in water. Oper Dent. 2002 Sep;27(5):468–74.
30. Pontes LF, Alves EB, Alves BP, Ballester RY, Dias CGBT, Silva CM. Mechanical properties of nanofilled and microhybrid composites cured by different light polymerization modes. Gen Dent. 2013 May;61(3):30–3.
31. Kamath AK, Nasim I, Muralidharan NP, Kothuri RN. Anti-microbial efficacy of leaf extract against common oral micro-biomes: A comparative study of two different antibiotic sensitivity tests. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2022 Oct 17;26(3):330–4.
32. Ramesh S, Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Fracture resistance of mesio-occlusal-distal cavities restored with composite, resin modified glass ionomer cement and zirconomer - an in vitro study. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2020 Nov 25;44–9.
33. Lakshmanan L, Jeevanandan G, Maganur PC, Vishwanathaiah S. Fracture Incidence of Kedo-S Square Pediatric Rotary Files: A Prospective Clinical Study. Eur J Dent. 2021 Dec 4;594–8.
34. Azeem RA, Sureshbabu NM. Clinical performance of direct versus indirect composite restorations in posterior teeth: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2018 Jan-Feb;21(1):2–9.
35. El-Damanhoury H, Platt J. Polymerization shrinkage stress kinetics and related properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Oper Dent. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):374–82.
36. Damdoum M, Varma SR, Nambiar M, Venugopal A. Calcium Channel Blockers Induced Gingival Overgrowth: A Comprehensive Review from a Dental Perspective. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022 Jun 29;12(3):309–22.
37. Ramadoss R, Yuwanati M, Ramani P, Krishnan R, Annasamy R. Glandular metaplasia in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Prognostic indicators? Deriving inference from urothelial and breast carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2022 Jan;124:105639.
38. Yap AU, Tan DT, Goh BK, Kuah HG, Goh M. Effect of food-simulating liquids on the flexural strength of composite and polyacid-modified composite restoratives. Oper Dent. 2000 May;25(3):202–8.
39. Janiani P, Gurunathan D. Effectiveness of Pre-administered Natural Sweet-tasting Solution for Decreasing Pain Associated with Dental Injections in Children: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2021 Dec 1;22(12):1434–7.
40. Husain S, Rengalakshmi S. Correlation between mandibular third molar and mandibular incisor crowding: A retrospective CBCT-based study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2021 Dec 5;15(4):247–50.
41. Eweis AH, Yap AU, Yahya NA. Comparison of Flexural Properties of Bulk-fill Restorative/Flowable Composites and Their Conventional Counterparts. Oper Dent. 2020;45(1):41–51.
42. Biswas D, Naik Z, Kumar SL, Patil N, Bagewadi A. Efficacy of topical tulsi () paste for the management of oral submucous fibrosis - A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2022 Apr-Jun;33(2):146–51.
43. Duraisamy R, Ganapathy DM, Rajeshkumar S, Ashok V. Mini-Implants in Dentistry - A Review. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2022;32(3):29–37.
44. Preethy NA, Jeevanandan G, Mathew MG, Subramanian EM. Evaluation of Quality of Obturation Using Two Different Rotary Files and Hand Files in Primary Teeth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021 Jul-Aug;14(4):471–4.
45. Jacobsen PH, Darr AH. Static and dynamic moduli of composite restorative materials. J Oral Rehabil. 1997 Apr;24(4):265–73.
46. Surathu N, Flanagan D, Surathu N, Nittla PP. A CBCT Assessment of the Incidence and Location of the Lingual Foramen in the Anterior Mandible. J Oral Implantol. 2022 Apr 1;48(2):92–8.
47. Neelakantan P, Grotra D, Sharma S. Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis. J Endod. 2013 Jul;39(7):893–6.
48. Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Sakhamuri S, Thakare AA, Mallineni S, Sajja R, et al. Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021 Jul 7;14:2851–61.
49. Sheriff KAH, Ahmed Hilal Sheriff K, Santhanam A. Knowledge and Awareness towards Oral Biopsy among Students of Saveetha Dental College [Internet]. Vol. 11, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018. p. 543. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00101.4
50. Markov A, Thangavelu L, Aravindhan S, Zekiy AO, Jarahian M, Chartrand MS, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021 Mar 18;12(1):192.
51. Jayaraj G, Ramani P, Herald J. Sherlin, Premkumar P, Anuja N. Inter-observer agreement in grading oral epithelial dysplasia – A systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 27, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology. 2015. p. 112–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2014.01.006
52. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S, Elumalai P. A novel COVID-19 and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2020 Jul;43(7):729–30.
53. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Vol. 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2020. p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
54. Gan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng L, Xie X, Veeraraghavan VP, et al. Zingerone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2019 Oct;33(10):e22387.
55. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res. 2019 Sep;80(6):714–30.
56. Mohan M, Jagannathan N. Oral field cancerization: an update on current concepts. Oncol Rev. 2014 Mar 17;8(1):244.
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Jun 6, 2023
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Aravindhan.K, & Sowmya K. (2023). Comparative Evaluation Of Flexural Strength Of Two Commercially Available Bulk Fill Composite Restorative Materials. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.014
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How to Cite
Aravindhan.K, & Sowmya K. (2023). Comparative Evaluation Of Flexural Strength Of Two Commercially Available Bulk Fill Composite Restorative Materials. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.014