Cytotoxicity And Antimicrobial Activity Of Papain And Bromelain Gel Against Oral Microbes
Main Article Content
Keywords
Papain, Bromelain, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial,Tree species, Children
Abstract
Background: Traditionally caries removal has been always done using dental burs. There are other methods of caries removal as well. Chemico mechanical method of caries removal is one of the well known methods. This study is papain gel and bromelain gel which have been self prepared and used as caries removal agent.
Materials and methods: Two separate caries removal gels were prepared using papain and bromelain as their key ingredients. The cytotoxicity of the gels were tested by Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against S mutans, E faecalis, S aureus and C albicans oral bacteria.
Results: Antimicrobial properties of bromelain gel for Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans was comparable with that of control group antibiotic amoxicillin. Antimicrobial properties of papain gel for all the tested four oral microbes was not very much comparable with that of the control amoxicillin antibiotic group.
Bromelain showed a lesser cytotoxic effect with 80% 0f nauplii being alive after 24 hours compared to papain gel as 70% of the nauplii were alive after 24 hours.
Conclusion: Bromelain gel showed better antimicrobial and lesser cytotoxic effects compared to Papain gel.
References
1. Osborne JW, Summitt JB. Extension for prevention: is it relevant today? Am J Dent [Internet]. 1998 Aug;11(4):189–96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388375
2. Ansari G, Beeley JA, Fung DE. Chemomechanical caries removal in primary teeth in a group of anxious children [Internet]. Vol. 30, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2003. p. 773–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01119.x
3. Poorni S, Srinivasan MR, Nivedhitha MS. Probiotic Streptococcus strains in caries prevention: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2019 Mar-Apr;22(2):123–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_505_18
4. Munshi AK, Hegde AM, Shetty PK. Clinical evaluation of Carisolv in the chemico-mechanical removal of carious dentin. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2001 Autumn;26(1):49–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.26.1.lr48727276478461
5. Poorni S, Nivedhitha MS, Srinivasan M, Balasubramaniam A. Effect of Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18 Lozenges on the Cariogram Parameters of Patients With High Caries Risk: A Randomised Control Trial. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Mar;14(3):e23282. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23282
6. Ramli ANM, Aznan TNT, Illias RM. Bromelain: from production to commercialisation. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2017 Mar;97(5):1386–95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8122
7. Goyal PA, Kumari R, Kannan VP, Madhu S. Efficacy and tolerance of papain gel with conventional drilling method: a clinico-microbiological study. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2015 Winter;39(2):109–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.39.2.n25754863557k727
8. Neves AA, Lourenço RA, Alves HD, Lopes RT, Primo LG. Caries-removal effectiveness of a papain-based chemo-mechanical agent: A quantitative micro-CT study. Scanning [Internet]. 2015 Jul;37(4):258–64. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.21206
9. de Sousa Né YG, Lima WF, Mendes PFS, Baia-da-Silva DC, Bittencourt LO, Nascimento PC, et al. Dental Caries and Salivary Oxidative Stress: Global Scientific Research Landscape. Antioxidants (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 Jan 31;12(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020330
10. Larson TD. Extension for prevention: margin placement. Northwest Dent [Internet]. 2012 Mar;91(2):12–6, 17, 19 passim. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22662468
11. Murdoch-Kinch CA, McLean ME. Minimally invasive dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc [Internet]. 2003 Jan;134(1):87–95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0021
12. Samuel SR, Acharya S, Rao JC. School Interventions-based Prevention of Early-Childhood Caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial. J Public Health Dent [Internet]. 2020 Jan;80(1):51–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12348
13. Montedori A, Abraha I, Orso M, D’Errico PG, Pagano S, Lombardo G. Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2016 Sep 26;9:CD010229. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010229.pub2
14. Biswas D, Naik Z, Kumar SL, Patil N, Bagewadi A. Efficacy of topical tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) paste for the management of oral submucous fibrosis - A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2022 Apr-Jun;33(2):146–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_929_20 15. Suresh S, Arumugham IM, Doraikannan S, Rathinavelu PK, Prabakar J, Balasubramaniam A. Comparing the Effectiveness of Herbal and Conventional Dentifrices in Reducing Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Systematic Review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent [Internet]. 2021 Nov 30;11(6):601–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_171_21
16. Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2005 Winter;30(2):115–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.2.xq641w720u101048
17. Nandakumar M, Nasim I. Comparative evaluation of grape seed and cranberry extracts in preventing enamel erosion: An optical emission spectrometric analysis. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2018 Sep-Oct;21(5):516–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_110_18
18. de Lencastre Novaes LC, Jozala AF, Lopes AM, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V, Mazzola PG, Pessoa Junior A. Stability, purification, and applications of bromelain: A review. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 2016 Jan;32(1):5–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2190
19. Barma MD, Muthupandiyan I, Samuel SR, Amaechi BT. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2021 Jun;126:105132. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105132
20. Reddy VK, Nagar P, Reddy S, Ragulakollu R, Tirupathi SP, Ravi R, et al. Bromelain vs Papain Gel for Caries Removal in Primary Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;20(11):1345–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892689
21. Oldenbourg R. Polarized light microscopy: principles and practice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc [Internet]. 2013 Nov 1;2013(11). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top078600
22. Aparna J, Maiti S, Jessy P. Polyether ether ketone - As an alternative biomaterial for Metal Richmond crown-3-dimensional finite element analysis. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2021 Nov-Dec;24(6):553–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_638_20
23. Zhang Y, Mu J, Han J, Gu X. An improved brine shrimp larvae lethality microwell test method. Toxicol Mech Methods [Internet]. 2012 Jan;22(1):23–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2011.583297
24. Bansal V, Gupta M, Bhaduri T, Shaikh SA, Sayed FR, Bansal V, et al. Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against and : An Study. Niger Med J [Internet]. 2019 Nov;60(6):285–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/nmj.NMJ_20_19
25. Bhardwaj A, Ballal S, Velmurugan N. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of natural extracts of Morinda citrifolia, papain and aloe vera (all in gel formulation), 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide, against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2012 Jul;15(3):293–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.97964
26. Malli Sureshbabu N, Selvarasu K, V JK, Nandakumar M, Selvam D. Concentrated Growth Factors as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Regeneration of Bony Defects after Periapical Surgery: A Report of Two Cases. Case Rep Dent [Internet]. 2019 Jan 22;2019:7046203. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7046203
27. Ahad M, Gheena S. Awareness, attitude and knowledge about evidence based dentistry among the dental practitioner in Chennai city. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [Internet]. 2016;9(11):1863. Available from: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=9&issue=11&article=009
28. PradeepKumar AR, Shemesh H, Jothilatha S, Vijayabharathi R, Jayalakshmi S, Kishen A. Diagnosis of Vertical Root Fractures in Restored Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Time-dependent Retrospective Cohort Study. J Endod [Internet]. 2016 Aug;42(8):1175–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.012
29. Jangid K, Alexander AJ, Jayakumar ND, Varghese S, Ramani P. Ankyloglossia with cleft lip: A rare case report. J Indian Soc Periodontol [Internet]. 2015 Nov;19(6):690–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.162207
30. Kumar A, Sherlin HJ, Ramani P, Natesan A, Premkumar P. Expression of CD 68, CD 45 and human leukocyte antigen-DR in central and peripheral giant cell granuloma, giant cell tumor of long bones, and tuberculous granuloma: An immunohistochemical study. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2015 May;26(3):295–303. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.162872
31. Manohar J, Abilasha R. A Study on the Knowledge of Causes and Prevalance of Pigmentation of Gingiva among Dental Students [Internet]. Vol. 10, Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019. p. 95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01859.x
32. Sekar D, Mani P, Biruntha M, Sivagurunathan P, Karthigeyan M. Dissecting the functional role of microRNA 21 in osteosarcoma. Cancer Gene Ther [Internet]. 2019 Jul;26(7-8):179–82. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41417-019-0092-z
33. Girija SA, Jayaseelan VP, Arumugam P. Prevalence of VIM- and GIM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from patients with severe urinary tract infection. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;65(4):539–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/030.65.2018.038
34. Maheswari TNU, Venugopal A, Sureshbabu NM, Ramani P. Salivary micro RNA as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi [Internet]. 2018 Apr;30(2):55–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_114_17
35. Subashri A, Maheshwari TNU. Knowledge and attitude of oral hygiene practice among dental students. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [Internet]. 2016;9(11):1840. Available from: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=9&issue=11&article=004
2. Ansari G, Beeley JA, Fung DE. Chemomechanical caries removal in primary teeth in a group of anxious children [Internet]. Vol. 30, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2003. p. 773–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01119.x
3. Poorni S, Srinivasan MR, Nivedhitha MS. Probiotic Streptococcus strains in caries prevention: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2019 Mar-Apr;22(2):123–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_505_18
4. Munshi AK, Hegde AM, Shetty PK. Clinical evaluation of Carisolv in the chemico-mechanical removal of carious dentin. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2001 Autumn;26(1):49–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.26.1.lr48727276478461
5. Poorni S, Nivedhitha MS, Srinivasan M, Balasubramaniam A. Effect of Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18 Lozenges on the Cariogram Parameters of Patients With High Caries Risk: A Randomised Control Trial. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Mar;14(3):e23282. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23282
6. Ramli ANM, Aznan TNT, Illias RM. Bromelain: from production to commercialisation. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2017 Mar;97(5):1386–95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8122
7. Goyal PA, Kumari R, Kannan VP, Madhu S. Efficacy and tolerance of papain gel with conventional drilling method: a clinico-microbiological study. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2015 Winter;39(2):109–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.39.2.n25754863557k727
8. Neves AA, Lourenço RA, Alves HD, Lopes RT, Primo LG. Caries-removal effectiveness of a papain-based chemo-mechanical agent: A quantitative micro-CT study. Scanning [Internet]. 2015 Jul;37(4):258–64. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.21206
9. de Sousa Né YG, Lima WF, Mendes PFS, Baia-da-Silva DC, Bittencourt LO, Nascimento PC, et al. Dental Caries and Salivary Oxidative Stress: Global Scientific Research Landscape. Antioxidants (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 Jan 31;12(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020330
10. Larson TD. Extension for prevention: margin placement. Northwest Dent [Internet]. 2012 Mar;91(2):12–6, 17, 19 passim. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22662468
11. Murdoch-Kinch CA, McLean ME. Minimally invasive dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc [Internet]. 2003 Jan;134(1):87–95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0021
12. Samuel SR, Acharya S, Rao JC. School Interventions-based Prevention of Early-Childhood Caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial. J Public Health Dent [Internet]. 2020 Jan;80(1):51–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12348
13. Montedori A, Abraha I, Orso M, D’Errico PG, Pagano S, Lombardo G. Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2016 Sep 26;9:CD010229. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010229.pub2
14. Biswas D, Naik Z, Kumar SL, Patil N, Bagewadi A. Efficacy of topical tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) paste for the management of oral submucous fibrosis - A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2022 Apr-Jun;33(2):146–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_929_20 15. Suresh S, Arumugham IM, Doraikannan S, Rathinavelu PK, Prabakar J, Balasubramaniam A. Comparing the Effectiveness of Herbal and Conventional Dentifrices in Reducing Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Systematic Review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent [Internet]. 2021 Nov 30;11(6):601–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_171_21
16. Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2005 Winter;30(2):115–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.2.xq641w720u101048
17. Nandakumar M, Nasim I. Comparative evaluation of grape seed and cranberry extracts in preventing enamel erosion: An optical emission spectrometric analysis. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2018 Sep-Oct;21(5):516–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_110_18
18. de Lencastre Novaes LC, Jozala AF, Lopes AM, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V, Mazzola PG, Pessoa Junior A. Stability, purification, and applications of bromelain: A review. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 2016 Jan;32(1):5–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2190
19. Barma MD, Muthupandiyan I, Samuel SR, Amaechi BT. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2021 Jun;126:105132. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105132
20. Reddy VK, Nagar P, Reddy S, Ragulakollu R, Tirupathi SP, Ravi R, et al. Bromelain vs Papain Gel for Caries Removal in Primary Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;20(11):1345–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892689
21. Oldenbourg R. Polarized light microscopy: principles and practice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc [Internet]. 2013 Nov 1;2013(11). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top078600
22. Aparna J, Maiti S, Jessy P. Polyether ether ketone - As an alternative biomaterial for Metal Richmond crown-3-dimensional finite element analysis. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2021 Nov-Dec;24(6):553–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_638_20
23. Zhang Y, Mu J, Han J, Gu X. An improved brine shrimp larvae lethality microwell test method. Toxicol Mech Methods [Internet]. 2012 Jan;22(1):23–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2011.583297
24. Bansal V, Gupta M, Bhaduri T, Shaikh SA, Sayed FR, Bansal V, et al. Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against and : An Study. Niger Med J [Internet]. 2019 Nov;60(6):285–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/nmj.NMJ_20_19
25. Bhardwaj A, Ballal S, Velmurugan N. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of natural extracts of Morinda citrifolia, papain and aloe vera (all in gel formulation), 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide, against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent [Internet]. 2012 Jul;15(3):293–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.97964
26. Malli Sureshbabu N, Selvarasu K, V JK, Nandakumar M, Selvam D. Concentrated Growth Factors as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Regeneration of Bony Defects after Periapical Surgery: A Report of Two Cases. Case Rep Dent [Internet]. 2019 Jan 22;2019:7046203. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7046203
27. Ahad M, Gheena S. Awareness, attitude and knowledge about evidence based dentistry among the dental practitioner in Chennai city. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [Internet]. 2016;9(11):1863. Available from: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=9&issue=11&article=009
28. PradeepKumar AR, Shemesh H, Jothilatha S, Vijayabharathi R, Jayalakshmi S, Kishen A. Diagnosis of Vertical Root Fractures in Restored Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Time-dependent Retrospective Cohort Study. J Endod [Internet]. 2016 Aug;42(8):1175–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.012
29. Jangid K, Alexander AJ, Jayakumar ND, Varghese S, Ramani P. Ankyloglossia with cleft lip: A rare case report. J Indian Soc Periodontol [Internet]. 2015 Nov;19(6):690–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.162207
30. Kumar A, Sherlin HJ, Ramani P, Natesan A, Premkumar P. Expression of CD 68, CD 45 and human leukocyte antigen-DR in central and peripheral giant cell granuloma, giant cell tumor of long bones, and tuberculous granuloma: An immunohistochemical study. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2015 May;26(3):295–303. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.162872
31. Manohar J, Abilasha R. A Study on the Knowledge of Causes and Prevalance of Pigmentation of Gingiva among Dental Students [Internet]. Vol. 10, Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019. p. 95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01859.x
32. Sekar D, Mani P, Biruntha M, Sivagurunathan P, Karthigeyan M. Dissecting the functional role of microRNA 21 in osteosarcoma. Cancer Gene Ther [Internet]. 2019 Jul;26(7-8):179–82. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41417-019-0092-z
33. Girija SA, Jayaseelan VP, Arumugam P. Prevalence of VIM- and GIM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from patients with severe urinary tract infection. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;65(4):539–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/030.65.2018.038
34. Maheswari TNU, Venugopal A, Sureshbabu NM, Ramani P. Salivary micro RNA as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi [Internet]. 2018 Apr;30(2):55–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_114_17
35. Subashri A, Maheshwari TNU. Knowledge and attitude of oral hygiene practice among dental students. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [Internet]. 2016;9(11):1840. Available from: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=9&issue=11&article=004
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 6, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
S B Divya, S.Delphine Priscilla Antony S, M.S.Nivedhitha, & S Rajeshkumar. (2023). Cytotoxicity And Antimicrobial Activity Of Papain And Bromelain Gel Against Oral Microbes. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.008
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
S B Divya, S.Delphine Priscilla Antony S, M.S.Nivedhitha, & S Rajeshkumar. (2023). Cytotoxicity And Antimicrobial Activity Of Papain And Bromelain Gel Against Oral Microbes. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.008