Do Healthcare Providers’ knowledge associated with Therapeutic drug monitoring services in Duhok-Iraq?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Pharmacokinetic (PK), Health Care Practitioners (HCP), Duhok
Abstract
Background and aim: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is an important clinical test for ensuring that an optimal dosage concentration for a patient is maintained. However, many challenges exist that hinder clinicians from performing TDM. The study's objective is to assess the healthcare providers' (HCP) knowledge and attitude of TDM, its availability, and their awareness and importance of this test.
Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, the research setting was Healthcare Provider (HCP) in Duhok Governorate. A survey questionnaire was used for data collection, distributed through Google Forms. The sample of HCP was selected randomly. The study's findings shed light on HCPs' knowledge and attitude about PK/TDM.
Results: Most respondents were between 30 and 50 years old (65.4%). Male responders dominated (71.5%), and 40.8% were pharmacists. Significant association of total knowledge score among different medical degrees (p-value =0.03) and training courses (p value=0.01). Also, 67.6% of the respondents strongly agreed that patient care requires dose adjustment. Other (53.1%) strongly agreed that PK/TDM improves practice.
Conclusion: The study found that the knowledge and attitude of HCP were sufficient. However, some changes must be made to hinder practice more smoothly for HCP, Such as pharmacokinetics (PK) being part of the study and hospitals having special TDM laboratories, which can help enhance patient outcomes.
References
2. Abdulla, A, van den Broek, P, Ewoldt, TM, Muller, AE, Endeman, H & Koch, BC 2021,
'Barriers and facilitators in the clinical implementation of beta-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill patients: a critical review,' Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. <10.1097/FTD.0000000000000937
3. Alomi, YA, Aldosary, BA & Elshenawy, RA 2019, 'National Survey of Pharmacokinetic Services in Saudi Arabia: Perceptions and Barriers of Service Implementations,' International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, vol 8, no. 3.
4. Alrabiah, Z, Alwhaibi, A, Alsanea, S, Alanazi, FK & Abou-Auda, HS( 2021, 'A National Survey of Attitudes and Practices of Physicians Relating to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Pharmacokinetic Service: Strategies for Enhancing Patient's Care in Saudi Arabia,' International Journal of General Medicine, vol 14, pp. 1513–1524.
5. Campbell, JP, Burton, E, Wymer, S, Shaw, M & Vaughn, BP 2017, 'Out-of-pocket cost is a barrier to therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease,' Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol 62, no. 12, pp. 3336-3343.
6. Choi, R, Woo, HI, Park, HD & Lee, SY 2019, 'A nationwide utilization survey of therapeutic drug monitoring for five antibiotics in South Korea,' Infection and Drug Resistance, vol 12, pp. 2163–2173.
7. Firman, P, Tan, KS, Clavarino, A, Taing, MW & Whitfield, K 2022, 'Pharmacist-Managed Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Programs within Australian Hospital and Health Services—A National Survey of Current Practice,' Pharmacy, vol 10, no. 5, p. 135.
8. Guo, HL, Jing, X, Sun, JY, Hu, YH, Xu, ZJ, Ni, MM, Chen, F, Lu, XP, Qiu, JC & Wang, T 2019, 'Valproic acid and the liver injury in patients with epilepsy: an update,' Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol 25, no. 3, pp. 343-351.
9. Hassan, S, Hassanain, O, Kamal, S, Shalaby, L & Nagy, M 2022, 'Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Egyptian healthcare professionals toward therapeutic drug monitoring service as a principal component of personalized medicine,' Personalized Medicine, vol 19, no. 6, pp. 509-521.
10. Hamadi, SA, Mohammed, MM, Dizaye, KA & Basheti, IA 2015, 'Perceptions, experiences and expectations of physicians regarding the role of the pharmacist in an Iraqi hospital setting,' Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol.14, no. 2, pp. 293-301.
11. Hiemke, C, Bergemann, N, Clement, HW, Conca, A, Deckert, J, Domschke, K, Eckermann, G, Egberts, K, Gerlach, M, Greiner, C & Baumann, P 2018, 'Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017', Pharmacopsychiatry, vol.51, no.01/02, pp. 9-62.
12. Hunt, MF, Clark, KT, Grant, MC, Choi, CW, Whitman, G, Cho, SM & Farrokh, S 2021, 'Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproic acid in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,' Perfusion, vol 36, no. 8, pp. 868-872.
13. Leung, D, Ensom, MH & Carr, R 2019, 'Survey of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Practices in Pediatric Health Care Programs across Canada,' The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, vol 72, no. 2, pp. 126-132.
14. Methaneethorn, J 2018, 'A systematic review of population pharmacokinetics of valproic acid,' British journal of clinical pharmacology, vol 84, no. 5, pp. 816-834.
15. Nigam, GB, Nayeemuddin, S, Kontopantelis, E, Hayee, BH & Limdi, JK 2021, 'UK National Survey of Gastroenterologists' attitudes and barriers toward therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease,' Frontline Gastroenterology, vol 12, no. 1, pp. 22-29.
16. Shaikh, AS, Liu, H, Li, Y, Cao, L & Guo, R 2018, 'Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproic acid,' Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol 31, no. 4, pp. 1773-1776.
17. Sharma, S 2018, Nursing research and statistics, Elsevier Health Sciences, London.
18. Shawahna, R, Shraim, N & Aqel, R, 'Views, knowledge, and practices of hospital pharmacists about using clinical pharmacokinetics to optimize pharmaceutical care services: a cross-sectional study,' BMC health services research, vol 22, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
19. Tappen, RM 2022, Advanced nursing research: From theory to practice, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, Massachusetts.
20. Vermeire, S, Dreesen, E, Papamichael, K & Dubinsky, MC 2020, 'How, when, and for whom should we perform therapeutic drug monitoring?', Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.18, no.6, pp. 1291-1299.
21. Zhang, C, Lei, J, Liu, Y, Wang, Y, Huang, L & Feng, Y 2021, 'Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacogenetic Testing in Northern China,' Frontiers in pharmacology, vol 12,
22. Zhu, MM, Li, HL, Shi, LH, Chen, XP, Luo, J & Zhang, ZL 2017, ' The pharmacogenomics of valproic acid,' Journal of Human Genetics, vol 62, no. 12, pp. 1009-1014.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.