Antibacterial Efficacy of Oxygen Enriched Mouthwash in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Placement by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Main Article Content
Keywords
Antimicrobial, Chlorhexidine, Mouthwash, Oxygen therapy
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of oxygen enriched mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash in patients undergoing dental implant placement.
Materials and Methods: A total of 30 systemically healthy patients visiting Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals for dental implant placement between July 2022 and October 2022 were divided into two groups; Group A comprised of 15 patients, who were given chlorhexidine mouthwash and Group B composed 15 patients, who were given oxygen enriched mouthwash, postoperatively for 1 month following dental implant placement surgery. Plaque samples were collected prior to implant placement and 1 month after implant placement for both the groups. The collected plaque samples were subjected to real time polymerase chain reaction. Total bacterial copy-count and Porphyromonas gingivalis load were detected for both the groups.
Results: There was reduction in total bacterial copy-count in both the groups from baseline. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.827). However there was more reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis load among the patients who received oxygen enriched mouthwash and was statistically significant (p=0.000).
Conclusion: Oxygen enriched mouthwash can be used as a safe alternative to chlorhexidine in reducing the microbial load during the post operative healing period following dental implant placement.
References
1. Xu L, Wang Y, Nguyen VT, Chen J. Effects of Topical Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Wound Healing After Flapless Implant Surgery: A Pilot Study [Internet]. Vol. 87, Journal of Periodontology. 2016. p. 275–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2015.150464
2. Covani U, Marconcini S, Crespi R, Barone A. Bacterial Plaque Colonization Around Dental Implant Surfaces [Internet]. Vol. 15, Implant Dentistry. 2006. p. 298–304. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.id.0000226823.58425.19
3. Gabay E, Levin L, Zuabi O, Horwitz J. Plaque Score Change as an Indicator for Periimplant Health in Periodontal Patients With Immediately Restored Dental Implants [Internet]. Vol. Publish Ahead of Print, Implant Dentistry. 2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/id.0000000000000236
4. Vanlancker E, Vanhoecke B, Sieprath T, Bourgeois J, Beterams A, De Moerloose B, et al. Oral microbiota reduce wound healing capacity of epithelial monolayers, irrespective of the presence of 5-fluorouracil. Exp Biol Med . 2018 Feb;243(4):350–60.
5. Marsh PD. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res. 1994 Jul;8(2):263–71.
6. Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Cao X, Jin Y, et al. Periodontal and Peri-Implant Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Alterations in the Microbial Community Structure and Local Stability. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:785191.
7. Serena TE, Bullock NM, Cole W, Lantis J, Li L, Moore S, et al. Topical oxygen therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a multicentre, open, randomised controlled clinical trial. J Wound Care. 2021 May 1;30(Sup5):S7–14.
8. Yip WL. Influence of oxygen on wound healing. Int Wound J. 2015 Dec;12(6):620–4.
9. Martinsek PE, Chucta S, Schlanger R. THE USE OF TOPICAL OXYGEN AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY TO POTENTIATE WOUND HEALING [Internet]. Vol. 34, Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing. 2007. p. S38. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.won.0000270938.11458.d8
10. Tarr M, Samson F. Oxygen Free Radicals in Tissue Damage. Springer Science & Business Media; 2013. 297 p.
11. Mattei BM, Imanishi SAW, de Oliveira Ramos G, de Campos PS, Weiss SG, Deliberador TM. Mouthwash with Active Oxygen (blue®m) Reduces Postoperative Inflammation and Pain. Case Rep Dent. 2021 May 31;2021:5535807.
12. John B, Colin D. H. Catalysis or Convenience? Perborate in Context. In: van Eldik R, Hubbard CD, editors. Homogeneous Catalysis. San Diego, CA: Elsevier; 2013. p. 217–310. (Advances in inorganic chemistry; vol. 65).
13. Vadivel JK, Govindarajan M, Somasundaram E, Muthukrishnan A. Mast cell expression in oral lichen planus: A systematic review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2019 Nov;10(4):e12457.
14. Panda S, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Varghese SS, Kumar DS. Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect. Contemp Clin Dent. 2014 Oct;5(4):550–4.
15. Mehta M, Dhanjal DS, Paudel KR, Singh B, Gupta G, Rajeshkumar S, et al. Cellular signalling pathways mediating the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases: an update. Inflammopharmacology. 2020 Aug;28(4):795–817.
16. Venkatesan J, Singh SK, Anil S, Kim SK, Shim MS. Preparation, Characterization and Biological Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Chitosan-Fucoidan Coating. Molecules [Internet]. 2018 Jun 12;23(6). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061429
17. Bhansali KJ, Balinge KR, Raut SU, Deshmukh SA, Senthil Kumar M, Ramesh Kumar C, et al. Visible light assisted sulfonic acid-functionalized porphyrin comprising benzimidazolium moiety for photocatalytic transesterification of castor oil. Fuel. 2021 Nov 15;304:121490.
18. Deepanraj B, Senthilkumar N, Mala D, Sathiamourthy A. Cashew nut shell liquid as alternate fuel for CI engine—optimization approach for performance improvement. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2022 May 1;12(5):1715–28.
19. Kamath M, Rao SK, Jaison, Sridhar, Kasthuri, Gopinath, et al. Melatonin delivery from PCL scaffold enhances glycosaminoglycans deposition in human chondrocytes – Bioactive scaffold model for cartilage regeneration. Process Biochem. 2020 Dec;99:36–47.
20. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Novel insights into m6A modification in circular RNA and implications for immunity [Internet]. Vol. 17, Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2020. p. 668–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0387-x
21. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Vol. 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2020. p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
22. Nambi G, Kamal W, Es S, Joshi S, Trivedi P. Spinal manipulation plus laser therapy versus laser therapy alone in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Dec;54(6):880–9.
23. van Maanen-Schakel NWD, Slot DE, Bakker EWP, Van der Weijden GA. The effect of an oxygenating agent on chlorhexidine-induced extrinsic tooth staining: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012 Aug;10(3):198–208.
24. Niveda R, Kaarthikeyan G. Effect of oxygen releasing oral gel compared to chlorhexidine gel in the treatment of periodontitis. J Pharm Res Int. 2020 Aug 26;75–82.
25. Deliberador TM, Weiss SG, Rychuv F, Cordeiro G, Cate MCLT, Leonardi L, et al. Comparative Analysis in Vitro of the Application of blue®m Oral Gel versus Chlorhexidine on Porphyromonas gingivalis: A Pilot Study. Adv Microbiol. 2020 Apr 24;10(04):194–201.
26. Koul A, Kabra R, Chopra R, Sharma N, Sekhar V. Comparative evaluation of oxygen releasing formula (Blue-M Gel®) and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct with scaling and root planing in the management of patients with chronic periodontitis--A clinico-microbiological study. Journal of Dental Specialities. 2020;7(2):111–7.
27. Mittal S, Soni H, Sharma DK, Mittal K, Pathania V, Sharma S. Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial and physical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement containing chlorhexidine and antibiotics. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015 Jul;5(4):268–75.
28. Hugar SS, Patil S, Metgud R, Nanjwade B, Hugar SM. Influence of application of chlorhexidine gel and curcumin gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing: A interventional study. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2016 Jul;7(2):149–54.
29. Van Strydonck DAC, Slot DE, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden F. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingival inflammation and staining in gingivitis patients: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 39, Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2012. p. 1042–55. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01883.x
30. Petrovski M, Terzieva-Petrovska O, Tashkov T, Papakoca K. Side effects associated with chlorhexidine mouthwashes use [Internet]. Vol. 68, Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2022. p. 377–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.182 31. Fardal O, Turnbull RS. A review of the literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1986 Jun 1;112(6):863–9.
32. Hyslop PA, Hinshaw DB, Scraufstatter IU, Cochrane CG, Kunz S, Vosbeck K. Hydrogen peroxide as a potent bacteriostatic antibiotic: implications for host defense. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Jul;19(1):31–7.
2. Covani U, Marconcini S, Crespi R, Barone A. Bacterial Plaque Colonization Around Dental Implant Surfaces [Internet]. Vol. 15, Implant Dentistry. 2006. p. 298–304. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.id.0000226823.58425.19
3. Gabay E, Levin L, Zuabi O, Horwitz J. Plaque Score Change as an Indicator for Periimplant Health in Periodontal Patients With Immediately Restored Dental Implants [Internet]. Vol. Publish Ahead of Print, Implant Dentistry. 2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/id.0000000000000236
4. Vanlancker E, Vanhoecke B, Sieprath T, Bourgeois J, Beterams A, De Moerloose B, et al. Oral microbiota reduce wound healing capacity of epithelial monolayers, irrespective of the presence of 5-fluorouracil. Exp Biol Med . 2018 Feb;243(4):350–60.
5. Marsh PD. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res. 1994 Jul;8(2):263–71.
6. Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Cao X, Jin Y, et al. Periodontal and Peri-Implant Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Alterations in the Microbial Community Structure and Local Stability. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:785191.
7. Serena TE, Bullock NM, Cole W, Lantis J, Li L, Moore S, et al. Topical oxygen therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a multicentre, open, randomised controlled clinical trial. J Wound Care. 2021 May 1;30(Sup5):S7–14.
8. Yip WL. Influence of oxygen on wound healing. Int Wound J. 2015 Dec;12(6):620–4.
9. Martinsek PE, Chucta S, Schlanger R. THE USE OF TOPICAL OXYGEN AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY TO POTENTIATE WOUND HEALING [Internet]. Vol. 34, Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing. 2007. p. S38. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.won.0000270938.11458.d8
10. Tarr M, Samson F. Oxygen Free Radicals in Tissue Damage. Springer Science & Business Media; 2013. 297 p.
11. Mattei BM, Imanishi SAW, de Oliveira Ramos G, de Campos PS, Weiss SG, Deliberador TM. Mouthwash with Active Oxygen (blue®m) Reduces Postoperative Inflammation and Pain. Case Rep Dent. 2021 May 31;2021:5535807.
12. John B, Colin D. H. Catalysis or Convenience? Perborate in Context. In: van Eldik R, Hubbard CD, editors. Homogeneous Catalysis. San Diego, CA: Elsevier; 2013. p. 217–310. (Advances in inorganic chemistry; vol. 65).
13. Vadivel JK, Govindarajan M, Somasundaram E, Muthukrishnan A. Mast cell expression in oral lichen planus: A systematic review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2019 Nov;10(4):e12457.
14. Panda S, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Varghese SS, Kumar DS. Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect. Contemp Clin Dent. 2014 Oct;5(4):550–4.
15. Mehta M, Dhanjal DS, Paudel KR, Singh B, Gupta G, Rajeshkumar S, et al. Cellular signalling pathways mediating the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases: an update. Inflammopharmacology. 2020 Aug;28(4):795–817.
16. Venkatesan J, Singh SK, Anil S, Kim SK, Shim MS. Preparation, Characterization and Biological Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Chitosan-Fucoidan Coating. Molecules [Internet]. 2018 Jun 12;23(6). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061429
17. Bhansali KJ, Balinge KR, Raut SU, Deshmukh SA, Senthil Kumar M, Ramesh Kumar C, et al. Visible light assisted sulfonic acid-functionalized porphyrin comprising benzimidazolium moiety for photocatalytic transesterification of castor oil. Fuel. 2021 Nov 15;304:121490.
18. Deepanraj B, Senthilkumar N, Mala D, Sathiamourthy A. Cashew nut shell liquid as alternate fuel for CI engine—optimization approach for performance improvement. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2022 May 1;12(5):1715–28.
19. Kamath M, Rao SK, Jaison, Sridhar, Kasthuri, Gopinath, et al. Melatonin delivery from PCL scaffold enhances glycosaminoglycans deposition in human chondrocytes – Bioactive scaffold model for cartilage regeneration. Process Biochem. 2020 Dec;99:36–47.
20. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Novel insights into m6A modification in circular RNA and implications for immunity [Internet]. Vol. 17, Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2020. p. 668–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0387-x
21. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Vol. 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2020. p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
22. Nambi G, Kamal W, Es S, Joshi S, Trivedi P. Spinal manipulation plus laser therapy versus laser therapy alone in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Dec;54(6):880–9.
23. van Maanen-Schakel NWD, Slot DE, Bakker EWP, Van der Weijden GA. The effect of an oxygenating agent on chlorhexidine-induced extrinsic tooth staining: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012 Aug;10(3):198–208.
24. Niveda R, Kaarthikeyan G. Effect of oxygen releasing oral gel compared to chlorhexidine gel in the treatment of periodontitis. J Pharm Res Int. 2020 Aug 26;75–82.
25. Deliberador TM, Weiss SG, Rychuv F, Cordeiro G, Cate MCLT, Leonardi L, et al. Comparative Analysis in Vitro of the Application of blue®m Oral Gel versus Chlorhexidine on Porphyromonas gingivalis: A Pilot Study. Adv Microbiol. 2020 Apr 24;10(04):194–201.
26. Koul A, Kabra R, Chopra R, Sharma N, Sekhar V. Comparative evaluation of oxygen releasing formula (Blue-M Gel®) and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct with scaling and root planing in the management of patients with chronic periodontitis--A clinico-microbiological study. Journal of Dental Specialities. 2020;7(2):111–7.
27. Mittal S, Soni H, Sharma DK, Mittal K, Pathania V, Sharma S. Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial and physical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement containing chlorhexidine and antibiotics. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015 Jul;5(4):268–75.
28. Hugar SS, Patil S, Metgud R, Nanjwade B, Hugar SM. Influence of application of chlorhexidine gel and curcumin gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing: A interventional study. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2016 Jul;7(2):149–54.
29. Van Strydonck DAC, Slot DE, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden F. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingival inflammation and staining in gingivitis patients: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 39, Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2012. p. 1042–55. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01883.x
30. Petrovski M, Terzieva-Petrovska O, Tashkov T, Papakoca K. Side effects associated with chlorhexidine mouthwashes use [Internet]. Vol. 68, Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2022. p. 377–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.182 31. Fardal O, Turnbull RS. A review of the literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1986 Jun 1;112(6):863–9.
32. Hyslop PA, Hinshaw DB, Scraufstatter IU, Cochrane CG, Kunz S, Vosbeck K. Hydrogen peroxide as a potent bacteriostatic antibiotic: implications for host defense. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Jul;19(1):31–7.
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 11, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Iram Rafique Pawane, Akhil Ashref, & Arvina Rajasekar. (2023). Antibacterial Efficacy of Oxygen Enriched Mouthwash in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Placement by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.06.016
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Iram Rafique Pawane, Akhil Ashref, & Arvina Rajasekar. (2023). Antibacterial Efficacy of Oxygen Enriched Mouthwash in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Placement by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.06.016