Obesity is a Major Health Problem Threatening the Iraqis- review article
Main Article Content
Keywords
Obesity, Iraq, BMI, Age, gender, type 2 diabetes mellitus, COVID-19
Abstract
Obesity can be defined as an excessive or abnormal fat accumulation which may impair health. It is recognized as a top public health issue and it is ranked as the 5th foremost cause of death worldwide. The current review set out to summarize the studies which provide basic information about the obesity prevalence in Iraq (adults, children and adolescents); moreover, it set out to address the impact of obesity on multiple health conditions. It is now demonstrated that obesity (dependent upon the duration, distribution, and degree of the excess adipocytes/weight) may progressively exacerbate and/or cause a wide range of comorbidities. This review discusses the contributions of obesity toward the pathogenesis of type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and COVID-19 in addition to other diseases.
References
1. Safaei M., Sundararajan E. A., Driss M., Boulila W., and Shapi A.. 2021. "A systematic literature review on obesity: Understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity," Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 136, no. August, p. 104754, DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104754.
2. Camacho S. and Ruppel A. 2017. “Is the calorie concept a real solution to the obesity epidemic?,” Glob. Health Action, vol. 10, no. 1. DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1289650.
3. Al-Kubaisy W, Al-Rubaey M, Al-Naggar RA, Karim B, Mohd Noor NA. 2014. "Maternal obesity and its relation with the cesarean section: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Iraq". BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Jul 17;14:235. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-235. PMID: 25034025; PMCID: PMC4223585.
4. Namir I. A. Haddad, Essam Nori, and Suzan A. Hamza. 2018. " Correlations of Serum Chemerin and Visfatin with other Biochemical Parameters in Iraqi Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome and Type Two Diabetes Mellitus". Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. Volume 11, Number 4, September 2018. ISSN 1995-6673. Pages 369 - 374. https://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/v11n4/Paper%20Number%204.pdf
5. Bray G. A. et al. 2018. “The science of obesity management: An endocrine society scientific statement,” Endocr. Rev., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 79–132. DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00253.
6. Emilia Apidi, Aliya Irshad Sani, Mohd Khairi Zahri Johari, Rohayu Izanwati Mohd Rawi, Ramlah Farouk, Omar Mahmoud Al-shajrawi, Atif Amin Baig, and Nordin Bin Simbak. 2020. "Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) Polymorphism with Obesity and Obesity-Related Phenotypes in Malay Subjects". Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. Volume 13, Number 3, September 2020 ISSN 1995-6673 Pages 267 - 273.
7. Karageorgi S., Alsmadi O., and Behbehani K.. 2013. "A review of adult obesity prevalence, trends, risk factors, and epidemiologic methods in Kuwait," J. Obes., vol. 2013, no. Figure 1. DOI: 10.1155/2013/378650. 8. Ghouse M. S., Barwal S. B., and Wattamwar A. S. 20016. “A Review on Obesity,” Heal. Sci. J., vol. 10, no. 4.13, pp. 1–5.
9. Chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors survey in Iraq 2006. A STEPwise approach. Iraq Ministry of Health; Iraq Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation; World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/ IraqSTEPSReport2006.pdf, accessed 30 July 2020).
10. Al-Tawil N. G., Abdulla M. M., and Abdul Ameer A. J. 2007. “Prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity among a group of Iraqi women,” East. Mediterr. Heal. J., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 420–429.
11. Mansour A. A., Al-Maliky A. A., Kasem B., Jabar A., and Mosbeh K. A. 2014. “Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults aged 19 years and older in Basrah, Iraq,” Diabetes, Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther., vol. 7, pp. 139–144. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S59652.
12. Jasim H. M., Abdul Hussein H. M., and Al-Kaseer E. A.. 2018. "Obesity among females in Al-Sader city Baghdad, Iraq, 2017.," J. Fac. Med. Baghdad, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 105–107. DOI: 10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.60215.
13. Pengpid S. and Peltzer K.. 2021. "Overweight and obesity among adults in Iraq: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey in 2015," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084198.
14. Shabu. S. 2019. "Prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated factors in adults in Erbil, Iraq: A household survey," Zanco J. Med. Sci., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 128–134. DOI: 10.15218/zjms.2019.017.
15. Al-Ghabban S. I.. 2013. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among students in the University of Kerbala,” Med. J. Babylon, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 205–218.
16. Sahib A. S., Majid H. S., Mahdi T. R, and Hussein R. Q.. 2020. “Factors Associated With Incidence Of Obesity And Overweight Among Students Of Medical Sciences,” Br. J. Med. Heal. Sci., vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 602–615.
17. Abdulkareem Z. A. and Chiad I. A.. 2017. "Prevalence of Obesity Among Sample of College Students," vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201716-10014.
18. Taher T. M. J. 2019. “Association between Eating Habits and Body Mass Index in a Sample of Medical College Students in Wasit University,” Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 724–729.
19. World Health Organization. 2010. WHO Global Infobase Indicators. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-overweight-among-children-and-adolescents-bmi-1-standard-deviations-above-the-median-(crude-estimate)-(-)” .
20. Kim K. B. and Shin Y. A.. 2020. “Males with obesity and overweight,” J. Obes. Metab. Syndr., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 18–25. DOI: 10.7570/jomes20008.
21. Gray C. M. et al. 2009. “Addressing male obesity: an evaluation of a group-based weight management intervention for Scottish men,” J. Men. health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 70–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jomh.2008.11.002.
22. Gough B. and Conner M. T.. 2006. "Barriers to healthy eating amongst men: A qualitative analysis," Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 387–395. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.032.
23. W. H. O. WHO. 1999. “Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: overweight and obesity”. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/ncd-risk-factors.
24. Badran M. and Laher I. 2011. "Obesity in Arabic-speaking countries," J. Obes., vol. 2011.DOI: 10.1155/2011/686430.
25. Al-Hilaly K.A, Aboud H.A, AlGhabban S.I. 2008. Prevalence of Obesity among Adult Population in Karbala. Kufa Medical Journal, 2008; 11 (1):326-34 17.
26. Ng S. W., Zaghloul S., Ali H. I., Harrison G., and Popkin B. M.. 2011. "The prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States," Obes. Rev., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00750.x.
27. AL-Dabbagh S. A. and Mohammed A. H. 2020 “Prevalence and risk factors of obesity and overweight among children in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq," Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 437. DOI: 10.37506/v11/i2/2020/ijphrd/194840.
28. Lafta R. K. and Kadhim M. J. 2005. “Childhood obesity in Iraq: Prevalence and possible risk factors,” Ann. Saudi Med., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 389–393. DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2005.389.
29. Yahya E.. 2008. “School-based Student Health Survey - a pilot study in Duhok city,” 2008.
30. Lafta R. K., Al Saffar A. J., Eisa S. A., Hayyawi A. H., and Abdulhameed F. N. 2007. “Obesity in children: A sample from Baghdad,” Qatar Med. J., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 10–15. DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2007.1.8.
31. Al-Assaf N. 2006. "School-based Student Health Survey – a pilot study in Mosul city," Mosul College of Medicine, 2006.
32. Qadir M. S., Rampal L., Sidik S. M., Said S. M, and Ramzi Z. S. 2014. “Prevalence of obesity and associated factors among secondary school students in Slemani City Kurdistan Region, Iraq,” Malaysian J. Med. Heal. Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 27–38. 33. Haleem A. A. and Al-Rabaty A. A. 2016. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-age children in Kurdistan region/IRAQ," J Nutr Disord. Ther, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1015–1020. DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199112000-00014.
34. Salman M. A. J. and Ajeel N. A. H. 2013. “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Public Primary School Children in Basrah City,” vol. 2013, no. 2, pp. 103–108.
35. Subhi M. D. 2006. “Blood pressure profiles and hypertension in Iraqi primary school children,” Saudi Med. J., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 482–486.
36. Khalid R., Mbchb A. A., Ped D., Saleem H., Bahiya N., and Ped D. 2020. "Obesity and Its Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Baghdad, Iraq, 2019," vol. 66, no. 6.
37. Alredainy R. and Al Lami F. 2016. “Overweight and Obesity in A Sample of Primary School Children in Baghdad,” Iraqi Postgrad. Med. J., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 452–458.
38. Fawzi M. M. and Yassen Z. M.. 2008. "Prevalence of over and underweight among school children in Mosul," Ann. Coll. Med. Mosul, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–8. DOI: 10.33899/mmed.2008.8945.
39. Lobstein T., Baur L., and Uauy R. 2004. “Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health,” Obes. Rev. Suppl., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 4–104. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x.
40. Al-Asadi G. M. A. 2018. "Extent of Overweight and Obesity among Children Aged (6-60) months in Al-Nasiriya at 2015-2016," Univ. Thi-Qar J. Med., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 58–71. DOI: 10.32792/utq/utjmed/15/1/5.
41. Al-Delaimy A. K., Al-Taha M. A., and Al-Samarraie M. A. M. 2020. “Prevalence and Predicting Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Primary School Pupils in Ramadi, Iraq,” Malaysian J. Public Heal. Med., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 20–26. DOI: 10.37268/MJPHM/VOL.20/NO.3/ART.544.
42. Kahtan O., Ghazal Noaman N., and Mansour Hemza S..2020. “Obesity in Primary Schools Children in Baquba City,” Diyala J. Med., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 102–112. DOI: 10.26505/djm.18014900828.
43. Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Tsigos C, et al. Clinical Problems Caused by Obesity. [Updated 2018 Jan 11]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278973/
44. Alkhader R. A. Y., Wahab Ali K. A., and Rahmah Al-Kharasani A. M.. 2020. "Irisin levels related to glycosylated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetic obese women," Iraqi J. Sci., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 2150–2155. DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2020.61.9.1.
45. Alkhader R. A. Y., Ali K. A. W., and Al-Kharasani A. M. R..2019. "Betatrophin: Its impact on lipid profile in type two Iraqi obese diabetic women," Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 236–241. DOI: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00696.X.
46. Tahir N. T., Ahmed H. S., and Gaiz A.A. 2014. “Leptin and Insulin Resistance in Obese Children,” Al-Kindy Coll. Med. Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35–39.
47. Ko S. H. The adiponectin/leptin ratio and metabolic syndrome in healthy Korean adult males. Korean Diabetes J. 2010 Aug;34(4):220-1. DOI: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.4.220. Epub 2010 Aug 31. PMID: 20835338; PMCID: PMC2932890.
48. Tahir N. T., Abass E. A. A., Falih I. Q., and Abdulwahid H. I. 2021. "Visfatin as a biomarker of obesity in Iraqi adolescences with metabolic syndrome," Egypt. J. Chem., vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 5735–5740. DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2021.73030.3619.
49. Wani K., Alharthi H., Alghamdi A., Sabico S., and Al-Daghri N. M. 2021. “Role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in obesity-mediated metabolic disorders,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1–21. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020511.
50. Woo C. Y., Jang J. E., Lee S. E., Koh E. H., and Lee K. U. 2019. “Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes as a primary cause of adipose tissue inflammation,” Diabetes Metab. J., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 247–256. DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0221.
51. Cui H., López M., and Rahmouni K. 2017. "The cellular and molecular bases of leptin and ghrelin resistance in obesity," Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 338–351. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.222.
52. Vadde R., Gupta M. K., and Nagaraju G. P.. 2019. “Is adipose tissue an immunological organ?,” Crit. Rev. Immunol., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 481–490. DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020033457.
53. Russo L. and Lumeng C. N.. 2018. “Properties and functions of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity,” Immunology, vol. 155, no. 4, pp. 407–417. DOI: 10.1111/imm.13002.
54. Singh G. M. et al.2013. “The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A pooled analysis,” PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065174.
55. Guerra J. V. S., Dias M. M. G., Brilhante A. J. V. C., Terra M. F., García-Arévalo M., and Figueira A. C. M. 2021. “Multifactorial basis and therapeutic strategies in metabolism-related diseases,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 8. doi: 10.3390/nu13082830.
56. Doerstling S. S., Flanagan C. H. O', and Hursting S. D. 2017. "Obesity and cancer metabolism: A perspective on interacting tumour-intrinsic and extrinsic factors," Front. Oncol., vol. 7, no. SEP, pp. 1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00216. 57. Luchsinger J. A., Cheng D., Tang M. X., Schupf N., and Mayeux R.. 2012. "Central obesity in the elderly is related to late-onset Alzheimer disease," Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 101–105. DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318222f0d4.
58. Bray G. A., Kim K. K., and welding J. P. H. 2017. "Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation," Obes. Rev., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 715–723. Doi: 10.1111/obr.12551.
59. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. 2010. Overweight, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220–229. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2
60. Jantaratnotai N., Mosikanon K., Lee Y., and McIntyre R. S. 2017. “The interface of depression and obesity,” Obes. Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.003.
61. Wildman R. P. et al. 2008. “The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004),” Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 783–784. DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000338100.83483.58.
62. Martins L. B., Monteze N. M., Calarge C., Ferreira A. V. M., and Teixeira A. L.. 2019. “Pathways linking obesity to neuropsychiatric disorders,” Nutrition, vol. 66, pp. 16–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.017.
63. Onorato D., Carpenè G., Lippi G., and Pucci M.. 2021. “Updated overview on the interplay between obesity and COVID-19,” Diagnosis, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–16. DOI: 10.1515/dx-2020-0111.
64. He M., Xian Y., Lv X., He J., and Ren Y. 2021. “Changes in Body Weight, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle during the Semi-lockdown Period after the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: An Online Survey,” Disaster Med. Public Health Prep., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. E23–E28. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.237.
65. Boukrim M., Obtel M., Kasouati J., Achbani A., and Razine R. 2021. "COVID-19 and confinement: Effect on weight load, physical activity and eating behaviour of higher education students in southern Morocco," Ann. Glob. Heal., vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 1–11. DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3144.
66. Ismail L. C. et al.2020. "Eating habits and lifestyle during the covid-19 lockdown in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/nu12113314.
67. Rawat D, Dixit V, Gulati S, Gulati S, Gulati A. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on lifestyle behaviour: A review of studies published in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Jan-Feb;15(1):331-336. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.038. Epub 2021 Jan 13. PMID: 33493852; PMCID: PMC7837201.
68. Zachary Z. et al. 2020. “Self-quarantine and Weight Gain Related Risk Factors During the Covid-19 Pandemic,” Obes. Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 14, no. January, pp. 210–216.
69. Mason T. B., Barrington-Trimis J., and Leventhal A. M. 2021. “Eating to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic and Body Weight Change in Young Adults,” J. Adolesc. Heal., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 277–283. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.011.
70. Kriaucioniene V., Bagdonaviciene L., Rodríguez-Pérez C., and Petkeviciene J. 2020. "Associations between changes in health behaviours and body weight during the covid-19 quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian covidiet study," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1–9. DOI: 10.3390/nu12103119.
71. Dogaš Z. et al. 2020. “The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and mood in Croatian general population: A cross-sectional study,” Croat. Med. J., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 309–318. DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.309.
72. Hamer M., Gale C. R., Kivimäki M., and Batty G. D. 2020. “Overweight, obesity, and risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A community-based cohort study of adults in the United Kingdom,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 117, no. 35, pp. 21011–21013. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011086117.
73. Di Renzo L. et al.2020. “Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey,” J. Transl. Med., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–15. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5.
74. Drieskens S. et al.2021. “Short-term impact of the COVID-19 confinement measures on health behaviours and weight gain among adults in Belgium,” Arch. Public Heal., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00542-2. https://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/vol13/n3/Paper%20Number%202.pdf
75. Błaszczyk-Bębenek E., Jagielski P., Bolesławska I., Jagielska A., Nitsch-Osuch A., and Kawalec P. 2020. “Nutrition behaviors in polish adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown,” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1–16. doi: 10.3390/nu12103084.
76. López-Moreno M., López M. T. I., Miguel M., and Garcés-Rimón M. 2020. "Physical and psychological effects related to food habits and lifestyle changes derived from covid-19 home confinement in the Spanish population," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.3390/nu12113445.
77. Antunes R. et al. 2020. "Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during covid-19," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124360. 78. Ahmed H. O. 2020. “The impact of social distancing and self-isolation in the last corona COVID-19 outbreak on the body weight in Sulaimani governorate- Kurdistan/Iraq, a prospective case series study,” Ann. Med. Surg., vol. 59, no. July, pp. 110–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.024.
79. Yang, J., Ma, Z., & Lei, Y. (2021). A meta-analysis of the association between obesity and COVID-19. Epidemiology and Infection, 149, E11. doi:10.1017/S0950268820003027
80. Al-Benna S. 2020. "Association of high-level gene expression of ACE2 in adipose tissue with mortality of COVID-19 infection in obese patients," Obes. Med., vol. 19, no. July, p. 100283. DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100283.
81. Ziegler C. G. K. et al. 2020. “SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues,” Cell, vol. 181, no. 5, pp. 1016-1035.e19. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035.
82. Milner J. J. and Beck M. A. 2012. “The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection,” Proc. Nutr. Soc., vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 298–306. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665112000158.
83. Dietz W. and Santos-Burgoa C. 2020. “Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality,” Obesity, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1005. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22818.
2. Camacho S. and Ruppel A. 2017. “Is the calorie concept a real solution to the obesity epidemic?,” Glob. Health Action, vol. 10, no. 1. DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1289650.
3. Al-Kubaisy W, Al-Rubaey M, Al-Naggar RA, Karim B, Mohd Noor NA. 2014. "Maternal obesity and its relation with the cesarean section: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Iraq". BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Jul 17;14:235. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-235. PMID: 25034025; PMCID: PMC4223585.
4. Namir I. A. Haddad, Essam Nori, and Suzan A. Hamza. 2018. " Correlations of Serum Chemerin and Visfatin with other Biochemical Parameters in Iraqi Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome and Type Two Diabetes Mellitus". Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. Volume 11, Number 4, September 2018. ISSN 1995-6673. Pages 369 - 374. https://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/v11n4/Paper%20Number%204.pdf
5. Bray G. A. et al. 2018. “The science of obesity management: An endocrine society scientific statement,” Endocr. Rev., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 79–132. DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00253.
6. Emilia Apidi, Aliya Irshad Sani, Mohd Khairi Zahri Johari, Rohayu Izanwati Mohd Rawi, Ramlah Farouk, Omar Mahmoud Al-shajrawi, Atif Amin Baig, and Nordin Bin Simbak. 2020. "Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) Polymorphism with Obesity and Obesity-Related Phenotypes in Malay Subjects". Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. Volume 13, Number 3, September 2020 ISSN 1995-6673 Pages 267 - 273.
7. Karageorgi S., Alsmadi O., and Behbehani K.. 2013. "A review of adult obesity prevalence, trends, risk factors, and epidemiologic methods in Kuwait," J. Obes., vol. 2013, no. Figure 1. DOI: 10.1155/2013/378650. 8. Ghouse M. S., Barwal S. B., and Wattamwar A. S. 20016. “A Review on Obesity,” Heal. Sci. J., vol. 10, no. 4.13, pp. 1–5.
9. Chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors survey in Iraq 2006. A STEPwise approach. Iraq Ministry of Health; Iraq Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation; World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/ IraqSTEPSReport2006.pdf, accessed 30 July 2020).
10. Al-Tawil N. G., Abdulla M. M., and Abdul Ameer A. J. 2007. “Prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity among a group of Iraqi women,” East. Mediterr. Heal. J., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 420–429.
11. Mansour A. A., Al-Maliky A. A., Kasem B., Jabar A., and Mosbeh K. A. 2014. “Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults aged 19 years and older in Basrah, Iraq,” Diabetes, Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther., vol. 7, pp. 139–144. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S59652.
12. Jasim H. M., Abdul Hussein H. M., and Al-Kaseer E. A.. 2018. "Obesity among females in Al-Sader city Baghdad, Iraq, 2017.," J. Fac. Med. Baghdad, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 105–107. DOI: 10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.60215.
13. Pengpid S. and Peltzer K.. 2021. "Overweight and obesity among adults in Iraq: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey in 2015," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084198.
14. Shabu. S. 2019. "Prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated factors in adults in Erbil, Iraq: A household survey," Zanco J. Med. Sci., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 128–134. DOI: 10.15218/zjms.2019.017.
15. Al-Ghabban S. I.. 2013. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among students in the University of Kerbala,” Med. J. Babylon, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 205–218.
16. Sahib A. S., Majid H. S., Mahdi T. R, and Hussein R. Q.. 2020. “Factors Associated With Incidence Of Obesity And Overweight Among Students Of Medical Sciences,” Br. J. Med. Heal. Sci., vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 602–615.
17. Abdulkareem Z. A. and Chiad I. A.. 2017. "Prevalence of Obesity Among Sample of College Students," vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201716-10014.
18. Taher T. M. J. 2019. “Association between Eating Habits and Body Mass Index in a Sample of Medical College Students in Wasit University,” Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 724–729.
19. World Health Organization. 2010. WHO Global Infobase Indicators. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-overweight-among-children-and-adolescents-bmi-1-standard-deviations-above-the-median-(crude-estimate)-(-)” .
20. Kim K. B. and Shin Y. A.. 2020. “Males with obesity and overweight,” J. Obes. Metab. Syndr., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 18–25. DOI: 10.7570/jomes20008.
21. Gray C. M. et al. 2009. “Addressing male obesity: an evaluation of a group-based weight management intervention for Scottish men,” J. Men. health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 70–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jomh.2008.11.002.
22. Gough B. and Conner M. T.. 2006. "Barriers to healthy eating amongst men: A qualitative analysis," Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 387–395. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.032.
23. W. H. O. WHO. 1999. “Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: overweight and obesity”. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/ncd-risk-factors.
24. Badran M. and Laher I. 2011. "Obesity in Arabic-speaking countries," J. Obes., vol. 2011.DOI: 10.1155/2011/686430.
25. Al-Hilaly K.A, Aboud H.A, AlGhabban S.I. 2008. Prevalence of Obesity among Adult Population in Karbala. Kufa Medical Journal, 2008; 11 (1):326-34 17.
26. Ng S. W., Zaghloul S., Ali H. I., Harrison G., and Popkin B. M.. 2011. "The prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States," Obes. Rev., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00750.x.
27. AL-Dabbagh S. A. and Mohammed A. H. 2020 “Prevalence and risk factors of obesity and overweight among children in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq," Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 437. DOI: 10.37506/v11/i2/2020/ijphrd/194840.
28. Lafta R. K. and Kadhim M. J. 2005. “Childhood obesity in Iraq: Prevalence and possible risk factors,” Ann. Saudi Med., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 389–393. DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2005.389.
29. Yahya E.. 2008. “School-based Student Health Survey - a pilot study in Duhok city,” 2008.
30. Lafta R. K., Al Saffar A. J., Eisa S. A., Hayyawi A. H., and Abdulhameed F. N. 2007. “Obesity in children: A sample from Baghdad,” Qatar Med. J., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 10–15. DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2007.1.8.
31. Al-Assaf N. 2006. "School-based Student Health Survey – a pilot study in Mosul city," Mosul College of Medicine, 2006.
32. Qadir M. S., Rampal L., Sidik S. M., Said S. M, and Ramzi Z. S. 2014. “Prevalence of obesity and associated factors among secondary school students in Slemani City Kurdistan Region, Iraq,” Malaysian J. Med. Heal. Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 27–38. 33. Haleem A. A. and Al-Rabaty A. A. 2016. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-age children in Kurdistan region/IRAQ," J Nutr Disord. Ther, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1015–1020. DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199112000-00014.
34. Salman M. A. J. and Ajeel N. A. H. 2013. “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Public Primary School Children in Basrah City,” vol. 2013, no. 2, pp. 103–108.
35. Subhi M. D. 2006. “Blood pressure profiles and hypertension in Iraqi primary school children,” Saudi Med. J., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 482–486.
36. Khalid R., Mbchb A. A., Ped D., Saleem H., Bahiya N., and Ped D. 2020. "Obesity and Its Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Baghdad, Iraq, 2019," vol. 66, no. 6.
37. Alredainy R. and Al Lami F. 2016. “Overweight and Obesity in A Sample of Primary School Children in Baghdad,” Iraqi Postgrad. Med. J., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 452–458.
38. Fawzi M. M. and Yassen Z. M.. 2008. "Prevalence of over and underweight among school children in Mosul," Ann. Coll. Med. Mosul, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–8. DOI: 10.33899/mmed.2008.8945.
39. Lobstein T., Baur L., and Uauy R. 2004. “Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health,” Obes. Rev. Suppl., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 4–104. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x.
40. Al-Asadi G. M. A. 2018. "Extent of Overweight and Obesity among Children Aged (6-60) months in Al-Nasiriya at 2015-2016," Univ. Thi-Qar J. Med., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 58–71. DOI: 10.32792/utq/utjmed/15/1/5.
41. Al-Delaimy A. K., Al-Taha M. A., and Al-Samarraie M. A. M. 2020. “Prevalence and Predicting Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Primary School Pupils in Ramadi, Iraq,” Malaysian J. Public Heal. Med., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 20–26. DOI: 10.37268/MJPHM/VOL.20/NO.3/ART.544.
42. Kahtan O., Ghazal Noaman N., and Mansour Hemza S..2020. “Obesity in Primary Schools Children in Baquba City,” Diyala J. Med., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 102–112. DOI: 10.26505/djm.18014900828.
43. Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Tsigos C, et al. Clinical Problems Caused by Obesity. [Updated 2018 Jan 11]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278973/
44. Alkhader R. A. Y., Wahab Ali K. A., and Rahmah Al-Kharasani A. M.. 2020. "Irisin levels related to glycosylated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetic obese women," Iraqi J. Sci., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 2150–2155. DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2020.61.9.1.
45. Alkhader R. A. Y., Ali K. A. W., and Al-Kharasani A. M. R..2019. "Betatrophin: Its impact on lipid profile in type two Iraqi obese diabetic women," Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 236–241. DOI: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00696.X.
46. Tahir N. T., Ahmed H. S., and Gaiz A.A. 2014. “Leptin and Insulin Resistance in Obese Children,” Al-Kindy Coll. Med. Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35–39.
47. Ko S. H. The adiponectin/leptin ratio and metabolic syndrome in healthy Korean adult males. Korean Diabetes J. 2010 Aug;34(4):220-1. DOI: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.4.220. Epub 2010 Aug 31. PMID: 20835338; PMCID: PMC2932890.
48. Tahir N. T., Abass E. A. A., Falih I. Q., and Abdulwahid H. I. 2021. "Visfatin as a biomarker of obesity in Iraqi adolescences with metabolic syndrome," Egypt. J. Chem., vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 5735–5740. DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2021.73030.3619.
49. Wani K., Alharthi H., Alghamdi A., Sabico S., and Al-Daghri N. M. 2021. “Role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in obesity-mediated metabolic disorders,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1–21. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020511.
50. Woo C. Y., Jang J. E., Lee S. E., Koh E. H., and Lee K. U. 2019. “Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes as a primary cause of adipose tissue inflammation,” Diabetes Metab. J., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 247–256. DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0221.
51. Cui H., López M., and Rahmouni K. 2017. "The cellular and molecular bases of leptin and ghrelin resistance in obesity," Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 338–351. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.222.
52. Vadde R., Gupta M. K., and Nagaraju G. P.. 2019. “Is adipose tissue an immunological organ?,” Crit. Rev. Immunol., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 481–490. DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020033457.
53. Russo L. and Lumeng C. N.. 2018. “Properties and functions of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity,” Immunology, vol. 155, no. 4, pp. 407–417. DOI: 10.1111/imm.13002.
54. Singh G. M. et al.2013. “The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A pooled analysis,” PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065174.
55. Guerra J. V. S., Dias M. M. G., Brilhante A. J. V. C., Terra M. F., García-Arévalo M., and Figueira A. C. M. 2021. “Multifactorial basis and therapeutic strategies in metabolism-related diseases,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 8. doi: 10.3390/nu13082830.
56. Doerstling S. S., Flanagan C. H. O', and Hursting S. D. 2017. "Obesity and cancer metabolism: A perspective on interacting tumour-intrinsic and extrinsic factors," Front. Oncol., vol. 7, no. SEP, pp. 1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00216. 57. Luchsinger J. A., Cheng D., Tang M. X., Schupf N., and Mayeux R.. 2012. "Central obesity in the elderly is related to late-onset Alzheimer disease," Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 101–105. DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318222f0d4.
58. Bray G. A., Kim K. K., and welding J. P. H. 2017. "Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation," Obes. Rev., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 715–723. Doi: 10.1111/obr.12551.
59. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. 2010. Overweight, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220–229. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2
60. Jantaratnotai N., Mosikanon K., Lee Y., and McIntyre R. S. 2017. “The interface of depression and obesity,” Obes. Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.003.
61. Wildman R. P. et al. 2008. “The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004),” Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 783–784. DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000338100.83483.58.
62. Martins L. B., Monteze N. M., Calarge C., Ferreira A. V. M., and Teixeira A. L.. 2019. “Pathways linking obesity to neuropsychiatric disorders,” Nutrition, vol. 66, pp. 16–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.017.
63. Onorato D., Carpenè G., Lippi G., and Pucci M.. 2021. “Updated overview on the interplay between obesity and COVID-19,” Diagnosis, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–16. DOI: 10.1515/dx-2020-0111.
64. He M., Xian Y., Lv X., He J., and Ren Y. 2021. “Changes in Body Weight, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle during the Semi-lockdown Period after the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: An Online Survey,” Disaster Med. Public Health Prep., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. E23–E28. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.237.
65. Boukrim M., Obtel M., Kasouati J., Achbani A., and Razine R. 2021. "COVID-19 and confinement: Effect on weight load, physical activity and eating behaviour of higher education students in southern Morocco," Ann. Glob. Heal., vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 1–11. DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3144.
66. Ismail L. C. et al.2020. "Eating habits and lifestyle during the covid-19 lockdown in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/nu12113314.
67. Rawat D, Dixit V, Gulati S, Gulati S, Gulati A. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on lifestyle behaviour: A review of studies published in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Jan-Feb;15(1):331-336. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.038. Epub 2021 Jan 13. PMID: 33493852; PMCID: PMC7837201.
68. Zachary Z. et al. 2020. “Self-quarantine and Weight Gain Related Risk Factors During the Covid-19 Pandemic,” Obes. Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 14, no. January, pp. 210–216.
69. Mason T. B., Barrington-Trimis J., and Leventhal A. M. 2021. “Eating to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic and Body Weight Change in Young Adults,” J. Adolesc. Heal., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 277–283. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.011.
70. Kriaucioniene V., Bagdonaviciene L., Rodríguez-Pérez C., and Petkeviciene J. 2020. "Associations between changes in health behaviours and body weight during the covid-19 quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian covidiet study," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1–9. DOI: 10.3390/nu12103119.
71. Dogaš Z. et al. 2020. “The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and mood in Croatian general population: A cross-sectional study,” Croat. Med. J., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 309–318. DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.309.
72. Hamer M., Gale C. R., Kivimäki M., and Batty G. D. 2020. “Overweight, obesity, and risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A community-based cohort study of adults in the United Kingdom,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 117, no. 35, pp. 21011–21013. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011086117.
73. Di Renzo L. et al.2020. “Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey,” J. Transl. Med., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–15. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5.
74. Drieskens S. et al.2021. “Short-term impact of the COVID-19 confinement measures on health behaviours and weight gain among adults in Belgium,” Arch. Public Heal., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00542-2. https://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/vol13/n3/Paper%20Number%202.pdf
75. Błaszczyk-Bębenek E., Jagielski P., Bolesławska I., Jagielska A., Nitsch-Osuch A., and Kawalec P. 2020. “Nutrition behaviors in polish adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown,” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1–16. doi: 10.3390/nu12103084.
76. López-Moreno M., López M. T. I., Miguel M., and Garcés-Rimón M. 2020. "Physical and psychological effects related to food habits and lifestyle changes derived from covid-19 home confinement in the Spanish population," Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.3390/nu12113445.
77. Antunes R. et al. 2020. "Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during covid-19," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124360. 78. Ahmed H. O. 2020. “The impact of social distancing and self-isolation in the last corona COVID-19 outbreak on the body weight in Sulaimani governorate- Kurdistan/Iraq, a prospective case series study,” Ann. Med. Surg., vol. 59, no. July, pp. 110–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.024.
79. Yang, J., Ma, Z., & Lei, Y. (2021). A meta-analysis of the association between obesity and COVID-19. Epidemiology and Infection, 149, E11. doi:10.1017/S0950268820003027
80. Al-Benna S. 2020. "Association of high-level gene expression of ACE2 in adipose tissue with mortality of COVID-19 infection in obese patients," Obes. Med., vol. 19, no. July, p. 100283. DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100283.
81. Ziegler C. G. K. et al. 2020. “SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues,” Cell, vol. 181, no. 5, pp. 1016-1035.e19. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035.
82. Milner J. J. and Beck M. A. 2012. “The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection,” Proc. Nutr. Soc., vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 298–306. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665112000158.
83. Dietz W. and Santos-Burgoa C. 2020. “Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality,” Obesity, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1005. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22818.
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 1, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Noor Thair Tahir, Raghd A. Y. Alkhader, Wafaa Raji ALfatlawi, & Tawfeeq F. R. Al-Auqbi. (2023). Obesity is a Major Health Problem Threatening the Iraqis- review article. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(5), 532-541. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.05.053
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Noor Thair Tahir, Raghd A. Y. Alkhader, Wafaa Raji ALfatlawi, & Tawfeeq F. R. Al-Auqbi. (2023). Obesity is a Major Health Problem Threatening the Iraqis- review article. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(5), 532-541. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.05.053