Selenium nanoparticles inhibit Staphylococcus aureus-induced nosocomial infection, cell death and biofilm formation
Main Article Content
Keywords
Staphylococcus aureus, Antibiotic susceptibility, Biofilms formation, Host cells kill, Selenium nanoparticles, Al- Najaf city hospitals in Iraq country
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus that is a major health problem in hospitals, recognized as the greatest important nosocomial pathogen and usually causing postoperative wound infections. Antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus has developed to be common, and resistance to almost all antibiotics has been found among the most strains of this pathogen. Biofilms are generally more
resistant to both host’s defense mechanisms and to antibiotics than planktonic unicellular microbes. Therefore, it is increasingly recognized as important health problem for patients with microbial infections. Moreover, Staphylococcal diseases has found to be connected with programmed cell death in order to cause numerous diseases in human hosts. All that made Staphylococcus aureus infections are hard to treat. Selenium has been examined for numerous medical applications and evidence suggested that Staphylococcus aureus growth can be inhibited in the presence of selenium nanoparticles.
Objectives: The specific objective of this study therefore was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with surgical site infections and burns infection. In addition to confirm that selenium nanoparticles may be used to effectively prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections and thus should be further studied for such applications.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2022 to December 30, 2022 among patients with surgical site infections and burns infection at Al- Najaf city hospitals in Iraq country. A total of 275 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered from hospital patients with postoperative wound infection or burns infection isolation and identification were based on standard bacteriological and biochemical criteria. Biofilms formation in vitro was carried out by microtiter plate spectrophotometric technique. Through using the standard disc diffusion technique, isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Host cell killing by Staphylococcus aureus was assayed by using florescent microscopy. Finally, selenium nanoparticles to inhibit bacteria were tested by measuring the sizes of the inhibition zone for bacterial growth.
Results: Of the 630 surgical patients who resident in Al- Najaf city hospitals and who had developed surgical site infection, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 275 (43.6%) cases. The results show that most Staphylococcus isolates were resistant to most antibiotics and have ability for biofilms formation and inducing host cells kill. Results of this study also provided that strongly inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of selenium nanoparticles after 24 hours at 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml.
Conclusion: The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infection in surgical and burn wards of AlNajaf city hospitals in Iraq country was found to be high. In addition, most isolates were extremely resistant to major antimicrobial agents and has ability for inducing biofilms formation as well as host cells kill. Moreover, this study suggests that selenium nanoparticles may be used to effectively prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections and thus should be further studied for such applications.
References
patients with otitis media in Basrah'. 2012.
2. Alexander, E.L. et al. (2011) 'Prevalence, persistence, and microbiology of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among hemodialysis
outpatients at a major New York Hospital'. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease,70 (1), pp. 37-44.
3. Askary, R.A.A. and Malih, H.R. (2021) 'Effectiveness study of Artemisia herba-alba and Borage officinalis leaf extract against bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus'. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science, 8 (1), pp. 113-117.
4. Avershina, E., Shapovalova, V. and Shipulin, G. (2021) 'Fighting Antibiotic Resistance in Hospital-Acquired Infections: Current State and
Emerging Technologies in Disease Prevention, Diagnostics and Therapy'. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12.
5. Ayukekbong, J.A., Ntemgwa, M. and Atabe, A.N. (2017) 'The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and
control strategies'. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 6 47.
6. Bacanlı, M. and Başaran, N. (2019) 'Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food'. Food Chem Toxicol, 125 462-466.
7. Borchers, A. and Pieler, T. (2010) 'Programming pluripotent precursor cells derived from Xenopus embryos to generate specific tissues and organs'. Genes (Basel), 1 (3), pp. 413-426.
8. Chatterjee, S.S. and Otto, M. (2013) 'Improved understanding of factors driving methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic waves'. Clin Epidemiol, 5 205-217.
9. Cong, Y., Yang, S. and Rao, X. (2020) 'Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A review of case updating and clinical
features'. J Adv Res, 21 169-176.
10. del Pozo, J.L. and Patel, R. (2007) 'The challenge of treating biofilm-associated bacterial infections'. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 82 (2), pp. 204-209.
11. Deplanche, M. et al. (2019) 'Staphylococcus aureus induces DNA damage in host cell'. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), pp. 7694.
12. ElSayed, N., Ashour, M. and Amine, A.E.K. (2018) 'Vancomycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a rural setting, Egypt'. Germs, 8 (3), pp. 134-139.
13. Filipović, N. et al. (2021) 'Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles With Different Surface Chemistry
and Structure'. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8.
14. Foroozandeh, P. and Aziz, A.A. (2018) 'Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles'. Nanoscale Research Letters, 13 (1), pp. 339.
15. Gurung, R.R., Maharjan, P. and Chhetri, G.G. (2020) 'Antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus with reference to MRSA
isolates from pediatric patients'. Future Science OA, 6 (4), pp. FSO464.
16. Haim, M. et al. (2010) 'Cytokeratin 8 interacts with clumping factor B: a new possible virulence factor target'. Microbiology, 156 (Pt 12), pp.
3710-3721.
17. Hogea, C., van Effelterre, T. and Acosta, C.J. (2014) 'A basic dynamic transmission model of Staphylococcus aureus in the US population'.
Epidemiol Infect, 142 (3), pp. 468-478.
18. Hoseini-Alfatemi, S.M. et al. (2018) 'Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of nanochelating based silver nanoparticles against several nosocomial pathogens'. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 32 (5), pp. e4327.
19. Howden, B.P. et al. (2023) 'Staphylococcus aureus host interactions and adaptation'. Nature Reviews Microbiology.
20. Hussein, O.M.A.-D., Noor, S.K.A.-K. and Mohammed, H.O.A.-A. (2020) 'Antibiotic Resistance among Iraqi Local E. coli
Isolates'. In: Luis, R. (ed.) E. Coli Infections. Rijeka: IntechOpen, pp. Ch. 10.
21. Ito, T. et al. (2014) 'Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) analysis of MRSA'. Methods Mol Biol, 1085 131-148.
22. Jain, P.K. et al. (2006) 'Calculated absorption and scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition:
applications in biological imaging and biomedicine'. J Phys Chem B, 110 (14), pp. 7238-7248.
23. Jordan, S.C., Hall, P.R. and Daly, S.M. (2022) 'Nonconformity of biofilm formation in vivo and in vitro based on Staphylococcus aureus
accessory gene regulator status'. Scientific Reports, 12 (1), pp. 1251.
24. Kabiru Olusegun, A. and Samuel Oluwasegun, A. (2017) 'Factors Contributing to the Emergence and Spread of Antibiotics Resistance in
Salmonella Species'. In: Mihai, M. (ed.) Current Topics in Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Rijeka: IntechOpen, pp. Ch. 6.
25. Khatoon, Z. et al. (2018) 'Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention'. Heliyon, 4 (12), pp. e01067.
26. Lade, H. et al. (2019) 'Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates is Differentially Affected by Glucose and Sodium
Chloride Supplemented Culture Media'. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8 (11), pp. 1853.
27. Levy, I.a.S., O (2008) Nanobiotechnology: bioinspired devices and materials of the future. USA: 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa,
New Jersey.
28. Li, W.R. et al. (2010) 'Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli'. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 85 (4), pp.
1115-1122.
29. Llor, C. and Bjerrum, L. (2014) 'Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem'. Ther Adv Drug Saf, 5 (6), pp. 229-241.
30. Logothetidis, S. (2012) Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications. . New York Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London.
31. M'Aiber, S. et al. (2022) 'The challenge of antibiotic resistance in post-war Mosul, Iraq: an analysis of 20 months of microbiological samples
from a tertiary orthopaedic care centre'. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 30 311-318.
32. Marshall, C. et al. (2004) 'Control of endemic MRSA-what is the evidence? A personal view'. J Hosp Infect, 56 (4), pp. 253-268.
33. McGuinness, W.A., Malachowa, N. and DeLeo, F.R. (2017) 'Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus '. Yale J Biol Med, 90
(2), pp. 269-281.
34. Mello, M.S. and Oliveira, A.C. (2021) 'Overview of the actions to combat bacterial resistance in large hospitals'. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem, 29
e3407.
35. Missiakas, D. and Winstel, V. (2020) 'Selective Host Cell Death by Staphylococcus aureus: A Strategy for Bacterial Persistence'. Front
Immunol, 11 621733.
36. Mohammed, K.A.S. et al. (2021) 'Spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens from Outpatients in Iraq'. Pol J
Microbiol, 70 (1), pp. 79-85.
37. Mottola, C. et al. (2016) 'Susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in diabetic foot infections'. BMC Microbiol, 16 (1), pp. 119.
38. Neopane, P. et al. (2018) 'In vitro biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds of hospital-admitted patients and
their association with antimicrobial resistance'. Int J Gen Med, 11 25-32.
39. Ni, W. et al. (2008) 'Tailoring longitudinal surface plasmon wavelengths, scattering and absorption cross sections of gold nanorods'. ACS
Nano, 2 (4), pp. 677-686.
40. Nwankwo, E.O. and Nasiru, M.S. (2011) 'Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical isolates in a tertiary health
institution in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria'. Pan Afr Med J, 8 4.
41. Obanda, B.A. et al. (2022) 'Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Busia County Referral Hospital, Kenya'.
Pathogens, 11 (12), pp.
42. Oliveira, M. et al. (2007) 'Time course of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis isolates'.
Vet Microbiol, 124 (1-2), pp. 187-191.
43. Otunola, G.A. and Afolayan, A.J. (2018) 'In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and toxicity profile of silver nanoparticles green-synthesized and
characterized from aqueous extract of a spice blend formulation'. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 32 (3), pp. 724-733.
44. Pal, S. et al. (2019) 'Staphylococcus aureus: A predominant cause of surgical site infections in a rural healthcare setup of Uttarakhand'. J Family Med Prim Care, 8 (11), pp. 3600-3606.
45. Ratushnaya, E.V. et al. (2002) 'Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Organoselenium Compounds'. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal,
36 (12), pp. 652-653.
46. Rehm, S.J. and Tice, A. (2010) 'Staphylococcus aureus: methicillin-susceptible S. aureus to methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycinresistant S. aureus'. Clin Infect Dis, 51 Suppl 2 S176-182.
47. Samia, N.I. et al. (2022) 'Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection has a distinct epidemiological position and acts as a marker for overall hospital-acquired infection trends'. Scientific Reports, 12 (1), pp. 17007.
48. Sasidharan, S., Sowmiya.R and Balakrishnaraja, R. (2015) 'Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles using Citrus reticulata Peel extract'.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4 1322-1330.
49. Shamaila, S. et al. (2016) 'Gold Nanoparticles: An Efficient Antimicrobial Agent against Enteric Bacterial Human Pathogen'. Nanomaterials
(Basel, Switzerland), 6 (4), pp. 71.
50. Soe, Y.M. et al. (2021) 'Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and host cell death pathways'. Cell Microbiol, 23 (5), pp. e13317.
51. Stewart, P.S. and Parker, A.E. (2019) 'Measuring Antimicrobial Efficacy against Biofilms: a Metaanalysis'. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 63 (5), pp.
52. Tong, S.Y. et al. (2015) 'Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management'. Clin
Microbiol Rev, 28 (3), pp. 603-661.
53. Tran, P.A. and Webster, T.J. (2011) 'Selenium nanoparticles inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth'. Int J Nanomedicine, 6 1553-1558.
54. Trautner, B.W. and Darouiche, R.O. (2004) 'Catheter-associated infections: pathogenesis affects prevention'. Arch Intern Med, 164 (8), pp.
842-850.
55. Ventola, C.L. (2015) 'The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats'. P t, 40 (4), pp. 277-283.
56. Williams, M. (2008) 'Overuse of antibiotics for RTIs'. Wiley Online Library.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.